抗生素药物诺氟沙星对锦鲤的毒性效应

为明确抗生素药物诺氟沙星对锦鲤的毒性效应,采用鱼类毒性试验方法,研究了诺氟沙星(Norfloxacin,NFLX)对锦鲤的急性毒性和亚急性毒性效应.结果表明,当NFLX暴露质量浓度达到1 000 mg/L时,NFLX对锦鲤无急性毒性.NFLK暴露15 d,在1 mg/L、5 mg/L、25mg/L和125 mg/L 4个组中,5 mg/L组锦鲤肝脏SOD活性在6d时达到最大(p＜0.01);125 mg./L组MDA含量在15 d时达到最大值(p＜0.01);25 mg/L、125 mg/L组锦鲤肝脏中MDA含量与暴露时间呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.938 1、0.953 5.各组GST活性和GSH质量比均受到不同程度的诱导,1 mg/L组NFLX可使鱼肝GST与GSH产生适应性反应;5 mg/L组诱导GST与GSH效应最为显著,呈现“钟形”变化趋势,5 mg/L很可能是NFLX对GST活性和GSH质量比影响的一个阈值或转折点.鱼肝GPT与GOT活性变化表现出一定的相似性,均呈现先升高后降低的变化规律,其中5 mg/L组被诱导效应最为显著(p＜0.01).5 mg/L很可能是锦鲤适应NFLX暴露和机体中生物酶发挥作用的一个转折点.比较上述抗氧化和转氨酶指标的敏感性和稳定性发现,在NFLX作用下,锦鲤肝脏中GST、GSH两个指标对NFLX的反应比SOD、MDA、GPT、GOT灵敏,变化规律稳定,更适合评价水环境中NFLX暴露的毒性效应.     

酸性pH及铝对鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio）吸收^45Ca的影响

本文用放射性核素~(45)Ca作为示踪剂,研究在酸性pH及加铝的条件下,鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)对钙离子的吸收分布情况.结果表明,在pH值为7.10时,~(45)Ca在鲤鱼体内各器官的96h放射仕比度为鳃13886 cpm·g~(-1),骨骼10811 cpm·g~(-1),肝脏3276cpm·g~(-2)·肌肉2865cpm·g~(-1);在酸性pH(4.30)条件下,鲤鱼对钙离子的吸收和积累受到明显抑制;加铝后,鲤鱼体内各器官~(45)Ca放射性比度与未加铝的对照组相比,下降百分比分别为鳃42、4%.骨骼18 5%,肝脏44、2% 并讨论了酸雨危害鱼体钙代谢的可能影响.     

Reference gene validation for quantification of gene expression during final oocyte maturation induced by diethylstilbestrol and di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate in common carp

Final oocyte maturation is the key step to successful spawning and fertilization.Quantitative real-time PCR(q PCR) is the technique of election to quantify the abundance of functional genes in such study. Reference gene is essential for correct interpretation of q PCR data. However, an ideal universal reference gene that is stable under all experimental circumstances has not been described. Researchers should validate their reference genes while performing q PCR analysis. The expression of 6 candidate reference genes: 18 s r RNA,28 s r RNA, Cathepsin Z, Elongation factor 1-α, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase andβ-actin were investigated during final oocyte maturation induced by different compounds(DES and DEHP) in common carp(Cyprinus carpio). Four softwares(Bestkeeper, ge Norm,Norm Finder and Ref Finder) were used to screen the most stable gene in order to evaluate their expression stability. The results revealed that EF1α was highly stable expressed when final oocyte maturation was induced by DES, while gapdh was the most stable gene when final oocyte maturation was induced by DEHP. Stable expressed reference gene selection is critical for all q PCR analysis to get accurate target gene m RNA expression information.     

江河中有机污染物在鲤鱼体内富集与释放的模拟研究

以第二松花江重点有机污染物硝基芳烃为研究对象,用改进的双膜理论预测了７种硝基芳烃的挥发速率常数,快速测定了它们在鱼体内的富集与释放速率常数,用获得的参数及二室模型预测这７种化合物的鱼体内的迁移过程,并与模拟实验测定的结果进行比较,得到了比较满意的结果。     

长期饲喂钬对鲤鱼非特异性免疫酶活性的影响

以鲤鱼为研究对象,进行为期60 d的饲喂试验,研究了硝酸钬对其非特异性免疫的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,在实验剂量范围内,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)在肝脏中呈先升高后降低的趋势,SOD、GSH-Px酶活性在20 mg·kg~(-1)时,升高显著(P0.05),三者在65 mg·kg~(-1)时都被显著抑制(P0.05);在肾中都被诱导,在65 mg·kg~(-1)升高显著(P0.05)。肝肾中丙二醛(MDA)含量都变化不显著(P0.05)。抗超氧阴离子自由基、抑制羟自由基能力和单胺氧化酶(MAO)活性都降低,且在65 mg·kg~(-1)时降低显著(P0.05或P0.01)。因此,在饲料中添加稀土元素钬20、42、65 mg·kg~(-1),能够影响非特异性免疫力,且鲤鱼肝组织比肾脏反应更敏感。     

DEHP暴露对鲤鱼肾脑生物标志物的影响

为探讨邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)对鱼类肾、脑组织生物标志物的影响,将鲤鱼分别在浓度为5、20、80、160 mg·L~(-1)的DEHP水体,暴露20 d,以水和吐温-80为对照,测定肾脑组织中多种酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果表明:与水对照组相比,吐温-80组所测各项指标,差异均不显著。与水和吐温-80对照组相比,各染毒组,肾脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和抗羟自由基、抗超氧阴离子的活力均显著降低(P0.05或P0.01)。谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)酶活性呈现先升高后降低,在5、20、80 mg·L~(-1)浓度组显著升高(P0.05)。丙二醛(MDA)含量在80、160 mg·L~(-1)浓度下,显著升高(P0.05),但脑组织中变化不显著。脑中一氧化氮合酶(NOS)在各浓度组显著升高(P0.05或P0.01);乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACh E)在80、160 mg·L~(-1)时降低显著(P0.05);钙调神经磷酸酶(CaN)呈先升高后降低的趋势,在20 mg·L~(-1)下,升高显著(P0.01),在80、160 mg·L~(-1)浓度组,降低极显著(P0.01);抗羟自由基、抗超氧阴离子活性均显著下降(P0.05或P0.01)。可见,在实验浓度范围内,DEHP对鲤鱼具有一定免疫毒性和神经毒性,进一步的机理有待研究。     

Effect of curacron toxicity on the total serum protein content of Cyprinus carpio

An experiment was conducted on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio to study the effect of the pesticide curacron on total serum protein. Curacron is an organophosphate pesticide and used by the farmers to protect their crops. This pesticide reaches the aquatic ecosystem by direct or indirect means and affects aquatic fauna. LC50 for curacron for C. carpio was calculated by the log-dose/probit regression line method and found to be 0.38?ppm at 96?h. Three sub-lethal concentrations (0.1, 0.01, and 0.001?mL?L^?1) were selected to expose the fish for 1, 7, 14, and 21days. Changes in total serum protein were observed at all pesticide concentrations and exposure periods. Total serum protein was decreased from control. At 1 and 7 days, the decrease was quantitative at all concentrations, while at 14 and 21 days, the fall was significant at all concentrations. Hence, human population may be at risk by consuming these contaminated fish.     

Carbofuran-induced effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in erythrocytes and liver of Cyprinus carpio

A study was conducted to determine the effects of long-term exposure to carbofuran on erythrocyte and liver acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in Cyprinus carpio, and assess which tissue was more sensitive to pesticide exposure examining this enzyme. Fish were allowed to accilimatize in toxicant-free water for 24 days after 60-day exposure. AChE activity was determined with a spectrophotometer using acetylthiocholine iodide as a substrate in erythrocytes and liver. Enzymic activity of erythrocytes and liver decreased over time. A higher degree of enzyme inhibition was observed in erythrocyte compared to liver. The degree of enzyme inhibition was positively correlated with exposure time. When exposed fish were transferred to clean water, recovery was greater in erythrocytes than liver. Erythrocyte AChE activity recovered after 18 days, while it required 21 days in liver. The findings of this study indicate that erythrocyte AChE is more sensitive to carbofuran than liver. The greater sensitivity of erythrocyte AChE suggests that it may be more useful as a biomarker for monitoring status of pollution in freshwater bodies.     

不同浓度Cd~(2+)对鲤鱼基因组DNA的影响

鲤鱼(建鲤品种)幼鱼暴露于4个浓度组(0.005、0.05、0.5、5mg/L)的镉离子(Cd~(2+))2d,期间各组的个体均无死亡.用10个RAPD引物对处理后鲤鱼基因组进行扩增,亦未发现有明显的差异扩增条带.但在用甲基化敏感扩增多态性方法研究暴露后鲤鱼肌肉组织的基因组DNA甲基化的变化时发现,5mg/L的Cd~(2+)在d2会使鲤鱼基因组DNA中CCGG区域甲基化发生明显的变化.该组个体1mol后出现大量死亡.另外,0.05mg/L和0.5mg/L Cd~(2+)组个体基因组DNA中CCGG区域甲基化比例2d内略有下降,甲基化位点没有太大改变.说明鲤鱼幼鱼基因组CCGG区域的胞嘧啶甲基化比例在不同浓度Cd~(2+)处理中都比较稳定.低浓度Cd~(2+)条件下鲤鱼主要通过甲基化区域的微调减少Cd~(2+)的生理毒性.高浓度Cd~(2+)处理下,利于基因组DNA甲基化区域发生相当的变化,可能导致一些沉默基因的异常表达.图2表2参31     

杀灭菊酯对鲤鱼血液影响初探

报道了杀灭菊酯杀虫剂对鲤鱼的血液系统的影响，结果表明，（１）杀灭菊酯引起鲤鱼血浆中离子浓度发生明显改变，Ｎａ＾＋下降１０％～２０％，Ｋ＾＋下降１０％～３５％，其它离子如Ｃｌ＾－，Ｃａ＾２＋，磷等则升高；同时还观察到Ｈｂ保持不变，（２）杀灭菊酯使ＲＢＣ渗透脆性增加，在体和体外处理均能引起ＲＢＣ破损，产生溶血，这很可能是杀灭菊酯对鱼类高毒的非神经作用的重要致毒原因之一。