重庆大气可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃的分析测定

本文报告了重庆大气可吸入颗粒物(IP)中多环芳烃(PAH)的分析测定方法和结果.用GC-MS定性和定量分析了重庆IP中的PAH;研究了IP中PAH的种类和分布情况;确认重庆IP中存在甲基多环芳烃(MePAH)、约占33%;颗粒大小分布表明,约有98%PAH存在于小于3μm的颗粒中.     

The Bhopal gas leak: Analyses of causes and consequences by three different models

The Bhopal Gas Leak, India 1984 is the largest chemical industrial accident ever. Haddon's and Berger's models for injury analysis have been tested, together with the project planning tool Logical Framework Approach (LFA).

The three models provide the same main message: That irrespectively of the direct cause to the leakage, it is only two parties that are responsible for the magnitude of the disaster: Union Carbide Corporation and the Governments of India and Madhya Pradesh. The models give somewhat different images of the process of the accident.

Models developed for analysis of injuries can be used for analysing a complicated mega accident like the Bhopal gas leak, although different models might stress different aspects.     

高某气井加重杆屈曲失稳分析

目的分析某气井开展节流器投放作业时被高压天然气顶飞的加重杆的失效原因。方法采用外观检查、宏观分析、无损检测、螺纹检测、金相分析和受力计算等检测或分析方法进行了失效原因分析。结果加重杆本体金相组织无异常,但螺纹的螺距和齿宽均变窄,齿高变高,变形严重,其组织均有变形流线。通过应力计算和分析表明,失效的加重杆受到轴向压应力远大于杆体失稳的临界力。结论失效的主要原因是气井注醇作业未将井筒疏通,导致其下部井筒内压力过大,加重杆受到向上冲力和防喷器阻力叠加的轴向压应力超过了其杆体失稳的临界力,从而导致其严重变短变粗而屈曲失稳。同时加重杆受到的向上冲力也超过了防喷器阻力,因而冲破了防喷器的阻碍而飞出井口。     

邻苯二酚环境标准和分析标准研究

苯胺泄漏对水体的污染应急测定项目应选择苯胺和邻苯二酚。邻苯二酚是苯胺降解的中间产物,邻苯二酚同样具有较大毒性。挥发酚的测定不能准确反应水中所含的邻苯二酚,水和废水监测分析方法（第四版）没有邻苯二酚的监测分析方法,已经不能满足苯胺泄漏对饮用水源地污染的应急监测需要。文章综述了邻苯二酚的主要测量方法。参照前苏联渔业水体中有害物质邻苯二酚的最高容许浓度标准,比较了近年来测定水中邻苯二酚不同方法的检出限,基于邻苯二酚的毒性考虑和具备霹F苯二酚的多种测量方法,建议建立邻苯二酚相应的环境标准和标准方法。     

液氯泄露环境风险评价

文章以如东易昌化工有限公司为例,按照《建设项目环境风险评价导则》的要求,在对液氯的理化性质及危险性识别的基础上,分别进行了风险识别、伴生/次生危险性分析、源项分析等工作,确定了此次风险评价采用的相关标准,采用导则推荐的多烟团模式进行了事故发生后液氯泄露的环境风险预测和评价,得出了不利气象条件下的事故风险影响范围,求得了最大风险值,并从氯气瓶库及供氯站设置、生产过程等方面提出了相关的风险管理措施。     

Pool evaporation: Experimental tests at medium-scale with gasoline

Pool evaporation is a major source of flammable vapour clouds. Predicting the evaporation rate of a liquid hydrocarbon pool is therefore a key issue of dispersion modelling for safety concerns. This paper presents small- and medium-scale experiments of pool evaporation carried out with liquid hydrocarbons (pentane, heptane), hydrocarbon “gasoline-like” mixtures and gasoline. Liquid mass loss was measured and the evaporation rate deduced with its evolution in time. Other observations are highlighted, regarding the evolution of liquid temperatures, mixture compositions, and scale effects like the influence of pool length on surface evaporation rate. Comparisons with well-known correlations are then shown. The authors finally suggest a new semi-empirical correlation with a set of parameters fitted on the performed experiments.     

土工膜渗漏定位方法研究

对偶极子法电极形状和外形尺寸以及其他影响定位的因素进行了深入研究.结果表明:偶极子的检测电压与偶极子的外形尺寸关系不大.偶极子检测电压最大值出现在偶极子中心与漏洞的距离等于偶极子间距的1/2处,并且偶极子的间距越大,检测电压越高.偶极子下沿距离HDPE膜越近,检测电压变化越明显.在多漏洞的情况下,当偶极子的间距小于漏洞间距时,2个漏洞都能被检测出来;当2个漏洞间距小于偶极子间距时,将可能漏检1个漏洞.膜上供电电极的位置对漏洞定位有一定的影响,在测量时应尽可能将供电电极远离测量区.      

河南双河油泥在生物降解过程中饱和烃污染物的组成与分布

分析了河南双河油泥在微生物降解过程中烷烃的组成与分布特征,结果表明,XT-4、F-2、C-2、A-1和AB-1菌的混合菌对饱和烃组分有好的降解效果:当饱和烃含量在60~70g/kg范围时,经过120d的降解,饱和烃降解率达到66.4%,随着降解的进行,正构烷烃分布由单峰形变成了双峰形;萜烷类抗微生物降解能力强,在本实验条件下,其组成与分布没有发生显著变化。微生物对烷烃类化合物易降解顺序为:正构烷烃>类异戊二烯烃>藿烷类,C21以前的正构烷烃>C22以后的正构烷烃,姥鲛烷>植烷,Tm>Ts,藿烷>莫烷。     

Field reconnaissance and estimation of petroleum hydrocarbon and heavy metal contents of soils affected by the Ebocha-8 oil spillage in Niger Delta, Nigeria

Field reconnaissance of the Ebocha-8 oil spill-affected site at Obiobi/Obrikom in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria was carried out to assess the extent of damage to the terrestrial ecosystem and delimit the epicenter of oil spillage. Following three successive reconnaissance surveys, the area to be sampled was delimited (200 x 200 m2), and soil samples were collected using the grid method from three replicate quadrats at two depths, surface (0-15 cm) and subsurface (15-30 cm). A geographically similar area located 50 m adjacent to the oil-polluted area was used as a reference (control) site. Total hydrocarbon content (THC) and heavy metal concentrations were later determined in the laboratory by extraction and spetrophotemetric techniques. Generally, the THC of soils at surface and subsurface depths of the oil-polluted plots was 2.06 x 10(4) +/- 4.97 x 10(3) mg/kg and 1.67 x 10(3) +/- 3.61 x 10(2) mg/kg soil, respectively, (no overlap in standard errors at 95% confidence limit) while concentrations of heavy metals(Pb, Cd, V, Cu and Ni) were enhanced, especially at the surface. The high levels of THC and heavy metals may predispose the site, which hitherto served as arable agricultural land, to impaired fertility and possible conflagration. When concentrations of heavy metals reach the levels obtained in this study, they may become toxic to plants or possibly bio-accumulate, thus leading to toxic reactions along the food chain. While the spilled-oil may have contributed to the enhanced levels of the metals in the affected soils, physico-chemical properties of the soils, mobility of metals, and the intense rainfall and flooding that preceded the period of study may have also contributed in part to their enhanced concentrations. The presence of high hydrocarbon content may cause oxygen deprivation, which may result in the death of soil fauna by asphyxiation. There is, therefore, an urgent need to clear the affected site of these excess hydrocarbon deposits so as to enhance the rehabilitation process of the affected mat layer of soils. Other appropriate mitigating measures, such as subsequent monitoring of hydrocarbon levels at suitable intervals after the clean up activities, are also recommended, with reference to the findings of this study, for effective management of the affected area.     

气相色谱法测定空气和废气中8种烃类化合物

建立了针筒采样、大口径毛细管柱分离、气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器测定空气和废气中甲烷、乙烷、乙烯、乙炔、丙烷、异丁烷、正丁烷和正戊烷等8种烃类化合物的方法.优化了试验条件,方法线性良好,甲烷、乙烯、乙炔、乙烷、丙烷、异丁烷、正丁烷和正戊烷的检出限分别为0.09 mg/m3、0.20 mg/m3、0.18 mg/m3、0.29 mg/m3、0.28 mg/m3、0.37 mg/m3、0.16 mg/m3和0.56 mg/m3,RSD＜8.0%,加标回收率为80.5%～104%.