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Sullivan JM 《Journal of Safety Research》2011,42(1):9-16
Introduction
Since 1990, fatal animal-vehicle collisions (AVCs) in the United States have more than doubled. This paper examines annual AVC trends in the United States over a 19-year period, seasonal and diurnal patterns of AVC risk, the geographic distribution of crash risk by state, and the association between posted speed limit and AVC crash risk in darkness.Method
AVCs were compiled from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and the General Estimates System (GES) for the years 1990-2008 to examine annual crash trends for fatal and nonfatal crashes. Seasonal trends for fatal AVCs were examined with the aggregated FARS dataset; seasonal trends for fatal and nonfatal AVCs were also examined by aggregating four years of Michigan crash data. State-by-state distributions of fatal AVCs were also described with the aggregated FARS dataset. Finally, the relationship between posted speed limit and the odds that a fatal or nonfatal AVC occurred in darkness were examined with logistic regressions using the aggregated FARS and Michigan datasets.Results
Between 1990 and 2008, fatal AVCs increased by 104% and by 1.3 crashes per trillion vehicle miles travelled per year. Although not all AVCs involve deer, daily and seasonal AVC crash trends follow the general activity pattern of deer populations, consistent with prior reports. The odds that a fatal AVC occurred in darkness were also found to increase by 2.3% for each mile-per-hour increase in speed; a similar, albeit smaller, effect was also observed in the aggregated Michigan dataset, among nonfatal crashes.Conclusion
AVCs represent a small but increasing share of crashes in the United States. Seasonal and daily variation in the pattern of AVCs seem to follow variation in deer exposure and ambient light level. Finally, the relative risk that a fatal and nonfatal AVC occurred in darkness is influenced by posted speed limit, suggesting that a driver's limited forward vision at night plays a role in AVCs, as it does in pedestrian collisions.Impact on Industry
The association between speed limit and crash risk in darkness suggests that AVC risk might be reduced with countermeasures that improve a driver's forward view of the road. 相似文献4.
An evaluation of the economic and environmental costs and benefits that would result if the Zorinsky Federal Building, located
in Omaha, Nebraska, USA, converted its current lighting system to a more energy-efficient system (i.e., joined the EPA's Green
Lights Program) was conducted. Lighting accounts for 20–25 percent of all electricity sold in the United States. Costs considered
in the study included the cost of retrofitting the building's existing lighting system and the cost of disposal of the current
lamps and ballast fixtures. Benefits included a reduction of electric utility costs and a reduction of emissions of SO2, NO
x
, CO2, and CO from electric utility power plants. Environmental and health issues for air pollutant emissions were also addressed.
The results showed that significant reductions in utility bills as well as reductions in air emissions would result from a
major building converting to a more energy efficient lighting system. The results showed that conversion of this large building
would reduce SO2 emissions by 14.6 tons/yr and NO
x
emissions by 6.3 tons/yr. In addition, the conversion would reduce annual energy costs by approximately $114,000. 相似文献
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Richard L. Ottinger 《Natural resources forum》2006,30(4):318-327
The imperatives for reducing the world's dependence on fossil and nuclear fuels have multiplied manifold in recent years with the advent of worldwide terrorism. These new dangers come in addition to the imperatives of addressing the dire consequences of global warming and devastating pollution that accompany the use of these fossil fuels. Reducing dependence on these unsafe and unreliable energy resources should be a top global priority. Implementation of proven energy efficiency technologies offers the world the fastest, safest, most economic and most environmentally benign way to alleviate these threats. This article outlines available efficiency measures, their economic advantages and means by which they may be and have been implemented. While examples of efficiency applications from both developed and developing countries are given, the article relies heavily on experience with energy efficiency in the United States, where data on efficiency is particularly abundant. 相似文献
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高校教室照明节能试验与对策分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文分析了高校教室照明用电及浪费的现状,通过在某高校教室进行灯具照明节能改造试验,得到节能灯节能率为52.8%,同时分析其舒适程度和可行性,提出以灯具更换为主,宣传和管理并行的节能措施,最终达到共建节约型校园的目的。 相似文献
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