生物质型煤成型技术开发实验研究

通过原有成型方式的工业成型观察和模压成型实验，提出并验证了完全利用生物质纤维的交联作用实现成型的新机制。其于中高压下物料的不可再压缩性和单向挤压也会导致更高的成型压力的新认识，设计和研制成按新机制成型的型轮。经此改进的工业成型试验达到了比模压成型更好的效果：不用预实送料，且成型性能；成型压力降至120MPa以下，成型许可水分成倍提高，适合的生物质配比范围15％－60％；仅利用送料螺旋的预实功能，即可实现纯生物质型块的成型。     

Usefulness of linkage disequilibrium of KM-19 and XV-2c DNA probes for genetic counselling in a high-risk cf family

A French couple with an individual risk of carrying the cystic fibrosis (CF) mutation of 1/2 sought genetic counselling. From the DNA haplotypes generated by XV-2c and KM-19 RFLPs, it could be deduced that only one subject was a carrier, lowering the risk of having a CF baby from 1/16 to 1/200. The strong linkage disequilibrium between these RFLPs and the CF allele observed in France reduced the risk to 1/1600.     

Coupling urban 3-D information and circuit theory to advance the development of urban ecological networks

Ongoing, rapid urban growth accompanied by habitat fragmentation and loss challenges biodiversity conservation and leads to decreases in ecosystem services. Application of the concept of ecological networks in the preservation and restoration of connections among isolated patches of natural areas is a powerful conservation strategy. However, previous approaches often failed to objectively consider the impacts of complex 3-D city environments on ecological niches. We used airborne lidar-derived information on the 3-D structure of the built environment and vegetation and detailed land use and cover data to characterize habitat quality, niche diversity, and human disturbance and to predict habitat connectivity among 38 identified habitat core areas (HCAs) in Nanjing, China. We used circuit theory and Linkage Mapper to create a landscape resistance layer, simulate habitat connectivity, and identify and prioritize important corridors. We mapped 64 links by using current flow centrality to evaluate each HCA's contribution and the links that facilitate intact connectivity. Values were highest for HCA links located in the west, south, and northeast of the study area, where natural forests with complex 3-D structures predominate. Two smaller HCA areas had high centrality scores relative to their extents, which means they could act as important stepping stones in connectivity planning. The mapped pinch-point regions had narrow and fragile links among the HCAs, suggesting they require special protection. The barriers with the highest impact scores were mainly located at the HCA connections to Purple Mountain and, based on these high scores, are more likely to indicate important locations that can be restored to improve potential connections. Our novel framework allowed us to sufficiently convey spatially explicit information to identify targets for habitat restoration and potential pathways for species movement and dispersal. Such information is critical for assessing existing or potential habitats and corridors and developing strategic plans to balance habitat conservation and other land uses based on scientifically informed connectivity planning and implementation.     

三峡库区支流常年库区航道通航尺度研究

随着长江经济带国家战略及沿江区域经济发展战略的实施,长江航运发展面临重大机遇。三峡水库的运行为三峡库区众多支流的航运发展提供了良好环境,作为连接重庆、武汉两大区域航运中心的连接段,库区干支航道的能力提升和标准提高显得尤为迫切。系统核查了三峡库区支流自然条件及航道发展现状,分析了三峡蓄水对支流航道条件的影响及蓄水后库区支流航道存在的问题,依据现有标准规范明确的航道尺度确定方法,论证提出了三峡库区15条主要通航支流河口段航道的通航尺度。最后,提出了加强观测分析与模型论证,加大基础设施建设与航道治理力度,以及跟踪观测三峡库区泥沙累积性淤积对航道的影响等建议。     

Prenatal diagnosis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease using flanking DNA markers and the polymerase chain reaction

A prenatal diagnosis was carried out on a 9-week-old fetus at risk for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Ten members of the family were previously typed using five DNA markers linked to the PKD1 locus on chromosome 16, and one marker linked to the putative PKD2 locus on chromosome 2. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the D16S125 locus. Pairwise and multipoint lod scores indicated that the family was most likely segregating a PKD1 mutation. The fetus inherited the disease haplotype from the affected parent. Diagnostic accuracy was greater than 99 per cent, taking into account the possibility of genetic heterogeneity.     

First-trimester biochemical and molecular diagnoses using chorionic villi: High accuracy in the U.S. collaborative study

The accuracy of biochemical and molecular prenatal diagnoses using chorionic villi as the fetal source was assessed by seven centres participating in the NICHD collaborative study on the safety and accuracy of chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis. Of 601 pregnancies studied, biochemical methods were used to determine the diagnosis in 283 fetuses at risk for 35 different metabolic disorders. Fifteen different lysosomal storage diseases accounted for 81 per cent of the biochemical prenatal diagnoses performed, with 57 per cent of these pregnancies at risk for Tay-Sachs disease. No errors were made in the biochemical diagnoses that predicted affected or unaffected fetuses. However, the diagnoses of certain disorders (e.g., mucopolysacchariodosis type IH, metachromatic leukodystrophy, and Krabbe disease) occasionally required confirmatory studies in cultured amniocytes because the enzyme results were inconclusive in direct and/or cultured villi or due to the presence of a pseudodeficiency allele. Of these, only the diagnosis of a fetus at risk for Krabbe disease remained inconclusive after special studies to discriminate between mutant and pseudodeficiency alleles. Recombinant DNA techniques were used to predict the diagnosis of 318 fetuses at risk for 16 different disorders in which the defective disease gene could be detected either directly or by linkage analysis to a nearby polymorphic marker. Of these, 32 per cent were for haemoglobinopathies, 25 per cent for cystic fibrosis, 24 per cent for Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy, and 7 per cent for haemophilias. Pregnancies at risk for known disorders with specific molecular lesions (e.g., sickle cell disease) were accurately diagnosed in direct and/or cultured villi. Diagnoses requiring analyses with closely linked polymorphic markers were occasionally uninformative or inconclusive. Maternal contamination was not reported in any biochemical or molecular-based diagnosis. These studies document the high accuracy and rapidity of both biochemical and mutation-specific prenatal diagnoses with direct and cultured chorionic villi.     

地震灾害产业关联间接经济损失评估

地震灾害破坏了一个城市或地区的经济体系的均衡运行状态,震后“残余”的生产能力资源必须经过一段时间的重新调整,才能达到某一新的、较低程度的均衡水平。本文利用投入产出分析法,从机会成本的观点,对调整阶段的生产能力资源“呆滞”损失即产业关联损失进行了评估。