Using Multiple Antibiotic Resistance and land use characteristics to determine sources of fecal coliform bacterial pollution

Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) analysis and regression modeling techniques were used to identify surface water areas impacted by fecal pollution from human sources, and to determine the effects of land use on fecal pollution in Murrells Inlet, a small, urbanized, high-salinity estuary located between Myrtle Beach and Georgetown, South Carolina. MAR analysis was performed to identify areas in the estuary that are impacted by human-source fecal pollution. Additionally, regression analysis was performed to determine if an association exists between land use and fecal coliform densities over the ten-year period from 1989 to 1998. Land-use variables were derived using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and were used in the regression analysis.MAR analyses were conducted by comparing the frequency and patterns of antibiotic resistance found in Escherichia coli isolates derived from surface water samples and from sewage sources in the Murrells Inlet sewage collection system. The MAR results suggest that the majority of the fecal pollution detected in the Murrells Inlet estuary may be from non-human sources, including fecal coliforms isolated from areas in close proximity to high densities of active septic tanks.A MAR Index, which measures the frequency of antibiotic resistance, was calculated for each of twenty-three water samples and nine sewage samples. The antibiotic resistance pattern comparisons were performed using cluster analysis. Although the MAR indices indicated that several surface water sites had potential human-source contamination, the cluster analysis suggests that only one sampling site had MAR patterns that were similar to those found in the sewage samples. This site was in close proximity to several large pleasure boats as well as a sewage collection system lift station, but was not near areas with active septic tanks. The results of the regression analysis also suggest that sewage sources and rainfall runoff from urbanized areas may contribute to fecal pollution in the estuary.     

中国“达标排放”政策的实证分析及理论探讨

以固定点源烟尘排放为例,从排放标准和监测标准两方面讨论了中国现阶段“达标排放”的状况,指出当前的大气污染源达标排放实际上是“初步达标排放”,现在的排放标准和监测规范合适考核污染源的初步达标排放,不适合考核污染源的连续达标排放。排放标准的规定形式、监测规范和适用范围需要改革。现在的排放标准指标需要与监测规范和超标率限值结合起来,以促进污染源的连续达标排放。     

玉米淀粉生产废水综合利用的效益分析

生产玉米淀粉过程中排放大量高浓度有机废水、将其进行综合利用，可以提取蛋白粉、玉米浆等多种物质，这里以年产１万ｔ玉米淀粉为例，具体分析了玉米淀粉生产废水综合利用的经济效益与环境效益．表明：玉米淀粉生产废水综合利用前景广阔，是解决该部分废水污染，实现经济效益与环境效益相统一的重要途径．     

Persistently elevated AFP and AChE in amniotic fluid from a normal fetus following demise of its twin

Intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) in one of twins at 12 weeks of gestation was accompanied by markedly elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) at 17 and 18 weeks. Amniotic fluid AFP from the healthy surviving twin's sac at 18·5 and 23 weeks was also greatly increased along with a positive acetylcholinesterase (AChE) band. Persistently elevated AFP and positive AChE so long after fetal demise–-6·5 and 11 weeks post IUFD–-has not, to our knowledge, been previously described. In similar cases, high level ultrasound and careful placental examination at birth should be utilized to search for fetal abnormalities or multiple pregnancy with IUFD.     

一种大气质量评价方法的改进及应用

将模糊数学应用于上海指数法 ,在评价函数中引入半梯形隶属函数和倍斜率隶属函数 ,提出模糊上海指数法 ;将此法应用于延安市的大气质量评价工作 ,与欧几里德贴近度法和上海指数法的评价结果进行比较表明 ,模糊上海指数法的评价结果是科学合理的。     

Best management practices compliance monitoring approaches for forestry in the eastern United States

Many of the eastern states that have published best management practices (BMPs) or forest management guidelines have also developed compliance monitoring programs to assess the application of these BMPs or guidelines on public and private forest land. The approaches among these states to collecting on-site monitoring data (measuring compliance) and evaluating sites are variable. A survey of eastern states found that almost all southern states monitor application of BMPs, but proportionally fewer of the northern states have established compliance monitoring programs. The state forestry agencies provide the leadership for these programs in most of the eastern states. States that monitor tend to evaluate all public and private forest landowner categories located within their states. In general, northern states monitor a broader array of site resources (e.g., cultural resources, visual quality) as compared to southern states which focus on water quality and wetlands protection. However, northern states focus their monitoring on timber harvesting, forest road construction and maintenance as compared to southern states which tend to monitor a broader array of forest management activities (e.g., site preparation, reforestation). When selecting sites for monitoring, the most common approach is to select some sites from all landowner categories within the state. Many states do not specify any criteria to identify sites for monitoring so that all sites have an equal chance for selection. Some states do use specific criteria to filter sites for monitoring, most commonly size of forest management activity and proximity to water.     

Investigation of multiple domino scenarios caused by fragments

A model of multiple domino scenarios and the risk of the domino effect, which is a sequential chain escalating from the primary unit to the last unit, is presented in this paper. The trajectories of fragments from all units, the ground distribution of projectiles, and the risk of the sequential chain of the domino effect were calculated using Monte Carlo simulations. The results showed that the range affected by the fragments from each tank included the other tanks, meaning that fragments from one tank could hit the other tanks and cause multiple accidents, and that the sequential chain of the domino effect could indeed happen. The distributions of ground impacts showed that tank fragments were projected over long distances, up to 1200 m from the source. The spatial distribution of the kinetic energy at ground impact for tank fragments was also obtained. Moreover, the magnitudes of the probabilities of the primary, secondary, third, and fourth accidents in the domino chain were respectively about 10⁻⁷, 10⁻¹¹, 10⁻¹⁵, and 10⁻¹⁹. These results showed that for neighboring domino effect units in the same accident chain, the risk of the most recent domino effect was 10⁴ times that of the following domino effect.     

环境保护系统参与空间规划的思考与建议

空间规划体系下,环境规划在空间落地性以及精细化程度上存在短板。建议环境规划进一步完善生态保护红线制度,探索环境质量底线、环保负面清单的划定技术思路与技术路线,推动环境保护系统化参与空间规划。     

选矿废水污染的土壤铜量与生物累积的研究

通过对花石头河沿岸研究区植物的根部、茎叶进行采样分析,探讨了土壤铜含量和铜在植物体内的累积状况。结果表明,光叶蕨、三叶鬼针草、野牡丹、紫茎泽兰4种植物体内铜含量随着土壤铜含量的增加而增加,光叶蕨增量最大。植物根部铜生物累积系数(BF)与茎叶铜生物累积系数(BF)之间相关性不显著,但根部BF为1.311,茎叶BF为0.159,前者是后者的8.2倍。光叶蕨铜的累积能力最强,其次是紫茎泽兰,植物间铜生物累积系数没有显著性差异。各采样区土壤铜含量差异大,它们之间的差异达到显著性水平。无论是全株植物、根部,还是茎叶,BF值:公路边>山坡上>河边。青蒿铜的迁移系数(TF)最大,与其余植物的迁移系数存在显著性差异,而这4种植物之间铜的迁移系数没有显著性差异,不同采样区TF均值以公路边TF值最高,其次是河边,最后才是山坡上。     

MBR＋两级DTRO系统处理垃圾渗滤液工程案例分析研究

对甘肃某垃圾填埋场渗滤液的来源、进水水质和设计出水水质进行分析,从可生化性、系统运行稳定性、渗滤液高浓度、高毒性等方面考虑,最终确定采用MBR＋两级DTRO系统对渗滤液进行处理.经该工艺处理后,COD、BOD5、NH3-N、TN和SS的去除率分别为：99.3％、99.6％、98.7％、98.4％和97.0％,出水水质能够满足《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》（GB 16889-2008）标准要求.该系统优点：抗冲击能力强、污泥浓度低、占地面积小、出水水质稳定.