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《Environmental Forensics》2013,14(3-4):219-225
Naturally weathered oil residues from an arid dumpsite in Al-Alamein, Egypt were analyzed for monoaromatic and triaromatic steranes to demonstrate the utility of biomarker compounds in assessing the chemical composition changes during the degradation of the released oil residues in a terrestrial environment. The characterizations of individual aromatic compounds were based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses. The results showed that triaromatic sterane distributions were similar in the oil residues of varying weathering degradation extents and correlated with a fresh crude oil sample of the Western Desert-sourced oil. Molecular ratios of triaromatic sterane compounds (ratios of C 28 20R /C 28 20S , C 27 20R /C 28 20R , and C 28 20S /[C 26 20R + C 27 20S ]) were proved to be suitable for source identification. Major changes in chemical compositions during weathering of the oil residues were the depletion of short chain mono- and tri-aromatic steranes in samples that had undergone extensive degradation. The results of triaromatic sterane distribution are in good agreement with weathering classification based on the analyses of saturate and aromatic hydrocarbons and the ratios of n -alkanes, PAHs and saturate biomarker compounds. 相似文献
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Ahmed I. El-Seesy Mohamed Nour Ali M. A. Attia Hamdy Hassan 《International Journal of Green Energy》2020,17(3):233-253
ABSTRACTThis article aims to study the influence of the addition of graphene oxide nanoparticles (GO) to diesel/higher alcohols blends on the combustion, emission, and exergy parameters of a CI engine under various engine loads. The higher alcohols mainly n-butanol, n-heptanol, and n-octanol are blended with diesel at a volume fraction of 50%. Then, the 25 and 50 mg/L concentrations of GO are dispersed into diesel/higher alcohols blends using an ultrasonicator. The GO structures are examined using TEM, TGA, XRD and FTIR. The findings show that there is a reduction in pmax. and HRR when adding higher alcohols with diesel fuel. Regarding engine emission, there is a significant improvement in emissions formation with adding higher alcohols. The addition of GO into diesel/higher alcohols blends improves the brake thermal efficiency by 15%. Moreover, the pmax. and HRR are both enhanced by 4%. The CO, UHC and smoke formation are reduced considerably by 40%, 50 and 20%, respectively, while NOx level is increased by 30% with adding GO. Finally, adding high percentages of n-butanol, n-heptanol, and n-octanol with diesel fuel with the presence of GO has the potential to achieve ultra-low CO, UHC, and smoke formation meanwhile keeping high thermal efficiency level. 相似文献
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INTRODUCTION: This paper describes a web-based system for monitoring and assessing construction safety and health performance, entitled the Construction Safety and Health Monitoring (CSHM) system. METHOD: The design and development of CSHM is an integration of internet and database systems, with the intent to create a total automated safety and health management tool. A list of safety and health performance parameters was devised for the management of safety and health in construction. A conceptual framework of the four key components of CSHM is presented: (a) Web-based Interface (templates); (b) Knowledge Base; (c) Output Data; and (d) Benchmark Group. RESULTS: The combined effect of these components results in a system that enables speedy performance assessment of safety and health activities on construction sites. With the CSHM's built-in functions, important management decisions can theoretically be made and corrective actions can be taken before potential hazards turn into fatal or injurious occupational accidents. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: As such, the CSHM system will accelerate the monitoring and assessing of performance safety and health management tasks. 相似文献
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Neyva M.L. Romeiro Rigoberto G.S. Castro Eliandro R. Cirilo Paulo L. Natti 《Ecological modelling》2011,222(11):1888-1896
This article presents results concerning the local calibration of the transport parameters (longitudinal and transversal diffusions and decay coefficient) for a two-dimensional problem of water quality at Igapó I Lake, located in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, using fecal coliforms as an indicator of water quality. The simulation of fecal coliforms concentrations all over the water body is conducted by means of a structured discretization of the geometry of Igapó I Lake, together with the finite difference and finite element methods. By using the velocity field, modeled by the Navier-Stokes and Poisson equations, the flow of fecal coliforms is described by means of a transport model, which considers advective and diffusive processes, as well as a process of fecal coliforms decay. In the checkpoint, the longitudinal and transversal diffusion coefficients and the coliforms decay coefficient that best fitted the value of the fecal coliforms concentration were Dx = Dy = 0.001 m2/h and k = 0.5 d−1 = 0.02083 h−1. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the numerical simulations conducted in function of the diffusion coefficients and of the coliforms decay parameter provided a better understanding of the local water quality at Igapó I Lake. 相似文献
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Michela Marchi Sven Erik JørgensenEloy Bécares Ilaria CorsiNadia Marchettini Simone Bastianoni 《Ecological modelling》2011,222(16):2992-3001
Using a dynamic model of Lake Chozas developed by Marchi et al. (2011), we tested three hypotheses about recovery of the indigenous community and water quality after radical changes caused by introduction of an invasive allochthonous crayfish, Procambarus clarkii:
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- Can the lake resist the pressure of an invasive species, like P. clarkii, by adaptation?
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- Can the ecosystem recover when all the crayfish are removed and low phosphorus concentrations persist in inflow water?
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- Does the simulated recovery of submerged vegetation occur at a total phosphorus concentration below 100 mg TP m−3, as estimated by Scheffer et al. (1993), Scheffer (1997), Jeppesen et al. (1998) and Zhang et al. (2003)?
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- Lake Chozas can at least partly resist by adaptation. A combination of possible parameter changes could lead to a significant increase in eco-exergy.
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- Removal of the phosphorus represented by crayfish (by harvesting) implies complete recovery of the lake and its eco-exergy, albeit not necessarily with the same organisms having the same properties.
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- The expected hysteresis created by introduction and harvesting of crayfish is observed under the following conditions: phytoplankton dominance at total phosphorus ≥ about 200-250 mg TP m−3 and submerged vegetation returns at total phosphorus < 100 mg TP m−3.
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Henri E.Z. Tonnang Lev V. Nedorezov John O. Owino Horace Ochanda Bernhard Löhr 《Ecological modelling》2009
The performance of discrete mathematical models to describe the population dynamics of diamondback moth (DBM) (Plutella xylostella L.) and its parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum was investigated. The parameter values for several well-known models (Nicholson–Bailey, Hassell and Varley, Beddington, Free and Lawton, May, Holling type 2, 3 and Getz and Mills functional responses) were estimated. The models were tested on 20 consecutive sets of time series data collected at 14 days interval for pest and parasitoid populations obtained from a highland cabbage growing area in eastern Kenya. Model parameters were estimated from minimized squared difference between the numerical solution of the model equations and the empirical data using Powell's method. Maximum calculated DBM growth rates varied between 0.02 and 0.07. The carrying capacity determined at 16.5 DBM/plant by the Beddington et al. model was within the range of field data. However, all the estimated parameter values relating to the parasitoid, including the instantaneous searching rate (0.07–0.28), per capita searching efficiency (0.20–0.27), search time (5.20–5.33), handling time (0.77–0.90), and parasitism aggregation index (0.33), were well outside the range encountered empirically. All models evaluated for DBM under Durbin–Watson criteria, except the May model, were not autocorrelated with respect to residuals. In contrast, the criteria applied to the parasitoid residuals showed strong autocorrelations. Thus, these models failed to estimate parasitoid dynamics. We conclude that the interactions of the DBM with its parasitoid cannot be explained by any of the models tested. Two factors may be associated with this failure. First, the parasitoid in this integrated biological control system may not be playing a major role in regulating DBM population. Second, and perhaps more likely, poor correlations reflect gross inadequacies in the theoretical assumptions that underlie the existing models. 相似文献
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邛海非点源污染及模型参数的彩红外遥感航片率定 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
使用美国通过流失方程(USLE)并用彩红外遥感航片对其参数进行率定,计算出邛海流域6个自然集水区域的高地潜在侵蚀量。并用0.28的输沙系数计算出年流入湖中的泥沙为127.4万t,同时也计算了氮,磷的入湖量,文中还讨论USLE模型的邛海流域的适用性。 相似文献
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生活有机垃圾用作沼气发酵原料的参数与特性研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
对分类收集于城市生活的有机垃圾作为沼气发酵原料的相关参数与特性进行了研究。结果显示:来自对固定区域的城市生活有机垃圾,其总体TS(总固体)、VS(近发性固体)、COD含量相对较为稳定,在连续8个月的监测中,其含量的平均值分别为:10.17%、4.64%和8.17%;生活有机垃圾作为整体,在兼氧沤解预处理条件下常温发酵,每公斤TS具有0.389m^3或每公斤COD具有0.499m^3的产气潜力,产气特性表现为,投料2d后进入产气高潮,20d时的产气量达总产气量的90%以上。 相似文献