The importance of differentiating urban and rural phenomena in examining the unequal distribution of locally desirable land

Previous research addressing the unequal distribution of locally desirable land (LDL) has mainly ignored their associated environments (i.e., rural or urban). However, this study proposed a new framework that treats rural and urban regions separately. In rural areas, the LDLs included all public lands. In urbanized areas, the LDLs were defined as green open spaces. Potential inequities in the distribution of LDL were assessed with respect to socioeconomic characteristics of residents in the State of Georgia. Using US Census Bureau Data (2000), Census Block Groups (CBGs) adjacent to LDLs were compared to CBGs outside of LDLs on four socioeconomic variables (per capita income, occupation, education, and race) in urban, suburban and rural environments. Results showed that CBGs adjacent to LDLs were composed of statistically significant upper-class communities containing fewer blue-collar workers, more whites, and higher income and higher educated people in rural, suburban and urban areas.     

Socially robust knowledge in coastal projects

Interactive modes of knowledge production offer a strategy for seeking solutions to complex environmental problems. The outcome of such knowledge production is socially robust knowledge. Social robustness refers to knowledge that is relevant and accepted by actors in the context of its application. This is achieved when knowledge is credible, salient and produced in a legitimate way. To date, only limited research has focused on how social robustness is achieved. As coastal problems are characterised by conflicting interests and major uncertainties, the coastal zone represents a relevant domain for studying socially robust knowledge. This paper analyses and presents three conditions that need to be in place if one is to achieve socially robust knowledge in coastal projects. The conditions are based on theories related to socially robust knowledge, boundary spanning, project arrangements and knowledge arrangements. The conditions specify how social robustness can be achieved through knowledge testing by boundary spanners, the involvement of diverse actors and a close connection between knowledge production and the evolving project. In a case study, these conditions are compared to developments in a Dutch coastal project involving spatial developments near the Ems estuary. The comparison highlights the relevance of the three conditions in achieving socially robust knowledge. In addition, a fourth aspect is empirically uncovered: the role of boundary spanning among project partners prior to producing knowledge. These four conditions clarify how social robustness may be achieved in coastal solutions. As such, this paper contributes to the theoretical and empirical understanding of socially robust knowledge.     

Socially facilitated egglaying behavior in Mediterranean fruit flies

We examined the behavior of individual mature female Mediterranean fruit flies (medflies), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), transferred from a holding cage without fruit to a clean host kumquat fruit already occupied by another medfly female engaged in ovipositional behavior. A significantly greater proportion of transferred (=test) ovipositionally naive females initiated ovipositor boring into a fruit in the presence than in the absence of an occupying medfly. Moreover, test females commenced boring significantly sooner in the presence than in the absence of another medfly. Interestingly, similar results occurred when a test medfly was transferred to a kumquat occupied by an ovipositing female oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel. In contrast, there was no enhancement of propensity to bore when a test medfly was transferred to a kumquat occupied by a female Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), a parasitoid attacking medfly eggs. The principal proximate stimulus giving rise to the higher tendency to oviposit of a test medfly in the presence of an occupying medfly or oriental fruit fly appeared to be wing-waving by the occupant during an encounter. We consider our findings to be good evidence of socially facilitated ovipositional behavior in ovipositionally naive medflies, and suggest that such females may benefit from acquisition of a cue demonstrating the acceptability of a host for oviposition. Received: 7 July 1997 / Accepted after revision: 30 August 1997     

结构响应与损伤识别敏感性探讨

利用小波多分辨分析的特性,研究结构不同位置加速度响应信号对损伤的敏感性问题。通过对一个5层框架结构在不同损伤工况下的数值计算结果表明,不同位置的加速度传感器表征结构损伤特性的能力是不同的,每一传感器只能描述其附近区域结构的工作状态。如果仅利用某一个或者某一些传感器信息进行损伤诊断,就有可能导致错误的诊断结论。只有综合利用多传感器的数据信息,才能使损伤识别更具全局性,才可能准确地识别出结构损伤的发生。     

环境作用动力学基础及应用

目的优化原有的环境作用动力学理论模型。方法在原有环境作用动力学理论模型的基础上,提出环境适应性、环境响应性、变化重复性等3个概念,修改蠕变动力学理论模型的假设2。结果形成了由8个定义、2个假设组成的更加完善的环境作用动力学理论模型。结论新的环境作用动力学理论模型涵盖了蠕变动力学理论模型和原有的环境作用动力学理论模型,应用范围得到大大扩展。     

流域环境系统演化概念模型:山-河-湖-海互动及对全球变化的敏感响应--以长江为例

流域是一个复杂的环境系统。长江流域环境研究表明,山-河-湖-海互动是流域环境系统变化的实质,同时也是流域对全球变化响应最敏感、最直接的体现。地貌过程变化,水、沙等物理通量变化,C、P、N等化学通量变化是系统内各子系统之间联系的纽带,也是流域环境系统中最活跃的因子。以山-河-湖-海互动为核心的流域环境系统模型,主要包括：山、河、湖、海各系统之间的能量流与物质流的输入、迁移和输出理论,系统演化平衡理论和系统自组织、自反馈理论。     

Shareholder activism on environmental issues: A study of proposals at large US corporations (2000–2003)

Socially Responsible Investing (SRI) has carved out a niche in the financial world, and each year a large number of shareholder proposals are filed at public companies in the US related to issues of corporate social responsibility (CSR). While the primary interests of CSR activists remain distinct from those of traditional corporate governance (CG) activists, the two groups do share an interest in minimizing the risk of negative environmental or social impacts from the operations of the corporation. They also share the objective of achieving transparency and accountability in corporate decision‐making. In relation to this latter objective, they both face similar challenges concerning conflicts of interest among key institutional shareholders. This article examines the record of shareholder proposal filing and voting from 2000–2003 for 81 large US public corporations to determine the relative prominence of CSR shareholder activism and the prospects for effective CSR shareholder activism on key environmental issues. The analysis of these data finds that nearly half (45%) of all shareholder resolutions are related to CSR, and that those resolutions which combine issues of CSR with traditional CG activism appeal to slightly more shareholders than issues of CSR alone. The article also examines shareholder activism at the micro level with a case study of the voting record at ExxonMobil. The article finds that CSR‐related shareholder activism represents the majority of shareholder activism within that firm and that resolutions targeted at climate change are particularly well supported. These resolutions draw a connection between environmental risk and risk to shareholder value. While numerous challenges remain for both CG and CSR activists, the article concludes that reforms that strengthen shareholder rights and corporate governance more generally will also benefit CSR activists and the environmental policies they promote in particular. The article ends with some proposed solutions for addressing the perceived conflicts of interest in corporate governance and the shareholder voting process.     

南京居民的雾霾风险认知及应对行为调查研究

雾霾灾害严重影响了居民的生活,使得民众不得不对其加以认识和了解.通过问卷的方式对南京居民的雾霾风险认知状况进行调查发现,南京居民对雾霾风险的认知程度并不高.主要表现在:居民无法区分PM2.5与雾霾之间的确切差异;居民的雾霾成因认知存在偏差;但居民对雾霾后果及其主体责任的认知较为清晰.另外,在日常生活中,居民通过佩戴口罩、改变饮食、调整户外活动和进行健康支付等一系列行为方式来防止自雾霾的侵害,居民表现出较高的防霾积极性.     

黄河流域高质量发展的生态保护与国土空间利用策略

研究面向黄河流域高质量发展的生态保护与国土空间利用策略,对推进黄河流域生态文明建设和促进全国区域平衡发展具有重要现实意义。以高质量发展为导向,基于“压力—状态—响应”关系,提出黄河流域高质量发展的生态保护与国土空间利用策略研究框架;分析黄河流域城镇化发展压力带来的土地开垦、生态退耕和建设占用等生态建设与土地开发行为,及其对国土空间格局和生态系统的影响;并从国土空间开发利用限制和资源环境承载能力的视角揭示了黄河流域生态保护、农业生产与国土空间开发的限制性差异;根据目前黄河流域存在的突出问题和独特的“自然—人文”特征,提出面向黄河流域高质量发展的生态保护与国土空间利用策略;实施黄河流域“水资源保护—绿色发展—文化传承”建设协同发展战略,开展黄河流域国家自然保护区保护、生态基础设施网络建设、绿色产业发展与特色文化传承战略部署,并制订相关引导政策与保障措施,为黄河流域高质量发展提供支撑保障。     

提高液晶电焊防护片响应速度

论述了提高液晶电焊防护片响应速度的办法，经试验，发现电焊电流产生超前电焊光的时间是13ms。因此可用电焊电流作为触发信号提前开启液晶偏转电路以达到全过程防护的目的。