The English football ground as a representation of home

Home refers to a number of locations and various meanings associated with it have been identified. However, research has been limited by a focus on house and traditional family. To expand our understanding, this study explored whether a secondary space, the English professional football ground, embodied the same meanings as other places called home. Web survey respondents confirmed, to some extent, their preferred football team's home stadium does represent home similarly. Three distinct aspects of the home emerged: general qualities of home, place attachment, and the importance of social interactions. Some aspects varied by length of team occupancy and season ticket holder status; but none differed by gender. Though the football stadium does represent some qualities of home, it was speculated this may be due to the unique connection to place that underlies English football. Future research should explore how the views of stadiums and other public spaces as home places vary across locales in order to identify how home differs from places to which we are attached.     

高层官员地震应急演练中应急决策行为的质性分析

为了研究高层官员在非常规突发事件应对中的决策行为,通过地震应急演练,从决策建议的影响、决策对象的选择与优先级排序等方面对决策样本进行质性分析。应用NVivo12软件对某次高层官员参与的特大地震应急决策演练中采集的45份决策样本,在结构化处理的基础上确定编码标准,遍历样本并对应急决策编码,得到观测数据并进行分析。研究结果表明,演练中的高层官员决策行为有以下3方面特征:受决策建议影响明显;在灾情、舆情以及基础设施等方面有自主决策;不同层级间对决策权重排序存在显著差异。     

Sporting Nature(s): Wildness,the Primitive,and Naturalizing Imagery in MMA and Sports Advertisements

This essay examines two Nike commercials, a TapOut commercial, and the proliferation of mixed martial arts (MMA) t-shirt visual culture, all of which symbolically link wildness and “nature” as primitivity to their particular sport contexts. MMA in particular, it is argued, is more symbolically available to symbolic discourses of the “natural” and the “primitive” because of the sport's technological minimalism. The MMA t-shirt is posited as a safe, masculine primitive performance, functioning as an expressive personal substitute (or supplement) to the analogous tattoos “worn” by many fighters and fans. Additionally, this paper reviews and connects several disparate bodies of literature, moving from a discussion of eco-critical principles for critiquing the cultural production of nature / the natural, to an assessment of “nature” as primitivity, and finally to highlight how critical analyses of sport and MMA implicate related categories. While environmental communication has addressed the place of “nature” in advertising, little has been written about how discourses of nature, gender, and the environment intersect with the highly mediatized culture of sports. This article adds to the subfield by initiating just such a critical discussion. Finally, I contend that one of the main ideological functions of the employment of nature imagery here is to implicitly authorize notions of wildness or the “primitive” in close association with a male animal ideology, and also to symbolically reinforce existing narratives which naturalize aggression. These advertisements posit, I argue, a metaphysical rather than realist ecological discourse, enabling an unsustainable narrative of the naturalness of human-on-human violence and aggression.     

APEC期间北京空气质量改善对比分析

为了评估APEC期间强化减排措施对北京空气质量的改善效果,利用2014年11月1~15日中国环境监测总站发布的奥体中心监测点空气质量监测数据,分析其空气质量演变特征,并与2013年同期监测数据进行对比研究.结果表明:1PM_(2.5)是当前北京最重要的污染物,APEC期间空气质量以优良为主,期间有3次明显的污染过程,与2013年同期相比较有所好转,显示出强化减排措施对北京空气质量的改善有显著的效果;2与世界卫生组织(WHO)的标准值相比,APEC期间PM_(2.5)有5d在WHO标准值(25μg·m~(-3))以下,而SO_2均小于标准值;3APEC期间,在空气质量为优时PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)小于0.5,且随污染浓度的增加比值逐渐增大,在严重污染情况下PM_(2.5)/PM10达到0.9以上;4与2013年同期相比,强化减排措施对PM_(2.5)的减少有一定的贡献,但与SO_2和CO的减少量相比,颗粒物的减少量又相对较少,NO_2减少量相对最小,实施强化减排措施对污染物减排的排序为SO_2COPMNO_2,说明北京空气污染中的PM_(2.5)的来源、影响和减排的复杂性,有待进一步深入研究.     

Assessment of HEADS UP online training as an educational intervention for sports officials/athletic trainers

Background: Sports- and recreation-related concussions are a common injury among children. Sports officials (SOs) and athletic trainers (ATs) are integral to setting the stage for safe play and managing concussions when they occur, and significant numbers of both groups have completed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s HEADS UP online concussion training course. However, the utility of the course for these audiences has not been assessed. We hypothesized that sports officials’ and athletic trainers’ concussion-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions will improve from pre- and post-test after completing CDC’s HEADS UP online concussion training course. Method: Respondents’ concussion-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions were assessed both before and after taking the training course. Differences between pre- and post-test scores were calculated based on the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test Z-score or McNemar’s test. Effect sizes were interpreted. Results: The SOs and ATs who participated in the HEADS UP online training had a high level of concussion knowledge before taking the course: 90% or more of respondents could identify the correct response for at least seven of the 13 knowledge questions in the pre-test. Still, the course was effective at improving the respondents’ knowledge about return-to-play protocols and concussion reporting. Further, SOs and ATs demonstrated improvement in their concussion-related attitudes and behavioral intentions between the pre- and post-test. Conclusion: SOs’ and ATs’ concussion knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions improved immediately following completion of the CDC HEADS UP online training. Future research could also focus on the long-term retention of this type of training. Practical Applications: This study provides insight into how to better focus concussion-related educational programs to fit SOs’ and ATs’ needs.     

Identification and mapping of heavy metal pollution in soils of a sports ground in Galway City,Ireland, using a portable XRF analyser and GIS

Heavy metals in urban soils continue to attract attention because of their potential long-term effects on human health. During a previous investigation of urban soils in Galway City, Ireland, a pollution hotspot of Pb, Cu, Zn and As was identified in the sports ground of South Park in the Claddagh. The sports ground was formerly a rubbish dumping site for both municipal and industrial wastes. In the present study, a portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) analyser was used to obtain rapid in-situ elemental analyses of the topsoil (depth: about 5–10 cm) at 200 locations on a 20 × 20-m grid in South Park. Extremely high values of the pollutants were found, with maximum values of Pb, Zn, Cu and As of 10,297, 24,716, 2224 and 744 mg/kg soil, respectively. High values occur particularly where the topsoil cover is thin, whereas lower values were found in areas where imported topsoil covers the polluted substrate. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques were applied to the dataset to create elemental spatial distribution maps, three-dimensional images and interpretive hazard maps of the pollutants in the study area. Immediate action to remediate the contaminated topsoil is recommended to safeguard the health of children who play at the sports ground.     

环境保护督察巡视:党政同责的顶层制度

环境保护督察巡视是党政同责的核心制度安排。本文从环保督察巡视与党政同责的关系与实践出发,认为该制度是从决策源头监督,既有法律依据,也有政策要求,其他部门的督察以及环保考核、约谈等实践为环保督察巡视积累了经验。从环保督察巡视制度的内涵与特征来看,该制度有明确的行动指南、统一的党政同责督察体系、较高的督察组权威、明确的巡视重点与突破方向等特点。最后,本文从理顺环境目标责任制度、制定督察实施细则、提升督察巡视权威性、开展第三方评估与社会监督等方面提出了政策建议。     

2014年北京奥体中心空气质量演变特征

利用中国环境监测总站发布的实时大气环境监测资料,选择北京国家奥林匹克体育中心(下称北京奥体中心)为研究对象,分析了2014年全年北京奥体中心空气质量演变特征. 结果表明:①2014年全年北京奥体中心首要污染污染物为PM_2.5,其次是NO₂,而PM_2.5和PM₁₀出现中度污染以上的污染事件主要集中在冬季和春末秋初;②PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、O₃和CO等主要污染物的年均质量浓度分别为89.75、141.12、21.83、64.26、48.60和1 210 μg/m3. 其中年均ρ(PM_2.5)是GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值(35 μg/m3)的2.6倍,年均ρ(PM₁₀)也是其二级标准限值(70 μg/m3)的2.0倍,年均ρ(SO₂)略高于其一级标准限值(20 μg/m3),而年均ρ(NO₂)则高于其标准限值(40 μg/m3);③北京奥体中心全年逐月ρ(SO₂)/ρ(NO₂)都小于1.00,年均值为0.37,反映出北京目前硝酸型污染特征越来越明显;④针对不同污染等级下各类污染物质量浓度的分析结果显示,严重污染时ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁₀)平均值分别高达324.75和494.98 μg/m3,分别是世界卫生组织(WHO)《空气质量准则》推荐24 h平均浓度准则值的13和10倍,其浓度如此之高会对人体健康造成严重危害;⑤ρ(PM_2.5)年均24 h变化趋势表明,ρ(PM_2.5)具有明显的日变化特征,出现2个峰值,高峰值出现在午夜时分(23:00—翌日01:00),次高峰值出现在上午(09:00—11:00),最低值出现在下午(15:00—17:00),次低谷值则出现在凌晨(05:00—07:00),说明ρ(PM_2.5)除与混合层高度日变化特征密切相关外,还与人们的日常生活有一定联系.