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1.
In an attempt to identify the ionic imbalance, hydrogen carbonate, HCO3− (bicarbonate), was determined together with the commonly determined nine major ions because the imbalance was frequently encountered in the chemical analysis of samples with high pHs. Titration method was applied for the determination of the samples with pH higher than 5.6. These samples amounted to 102 of the 1536 samples collected in Hokkaido, Northern Japan, from April 1998 to December 2002. Of the 102 samples, 74 (Group A) showed an acceptable ion balance without including HCO3−. In the other 28 (Group B), however, inclusion of HCO3− successfully improved the ion balance. These results suggested that hydrogen carbonate was a potential candidate for explaining the imbalance. The hydrogen carbonate concentrations showed a strong correlation with the corresponding non-sea salt calcium (nss-Ca2+) concentrations, which implied that hydrogen carbonate was derived from calcium carbonate particles incorporated into falling raindrops or cloud droplets. For Group A, the relationship between hydrogen carbonate and the nss-calcium ion concentration was very similar to that for commonly suspended particles in Hokkaido. On the other hand, Group B exhibited a stronger but significantly different correlation. To the samples of Group B, a back-trajectory analysis was applied to demonstrate that the samples were associated with aerosol travelling from Northern China or Mongolia, which indicated that alkaline aerosol affected the chemistry. In consideration of these findings, the current standard of the ion balance should be critically reviewed for modification in regard to the contribution of hydrogen carbonate not only in source areas but also in receptor areas of alkaline aerosol. 相似文献
2.
Evolution of environmental impact assessment as applied to watershed modification projects in Canada
Herman J. Dirschl Nicholas S. Novakowski M. Husain Sadar 《Environmental management》1993,17(4):545-555
This article reviews the application of environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures and practices to three watershed
modification projects situaled in western Canada. These ventures were justified for accelerating regional economic development,
and cover the period during which public concerns for protecting the environment rapidly made their way into the national
political agenda. An historical account and analysis of the situation, therefore, seems desirable in order to understand the
development of EIA processes, practices, and methodologies since the start of construction of the first project in 1961. This
study concludes that there has been good progress in predicting and evaluating environmental and related social impacts of
watershed modification proposals. However, a number of obstacles need to be overcome before EIA can firmly establish itself
as an effective planning tool. These difficulties include jurisdictional confusions and conflicts, division of authority and
responsibility in designing and implementing appropriate mitigative and monitoring measures, lack of tested EIA methodologies,
and limited availability of qualified human resources. A number of conclusions and suggestions are offered so that future
watershed modification proposals may be planned and implemented in a more environmentally sustainable fashion. These include:
(1) EIA processes must be completed before irrevocable decisions are made. (2) Any major intrusion into a watershed is likely
to impact on some major components of the ecosystem(s). (3) Mitigation costs must form part of the benefit-cost analysis of
any project proposal. (4) Interjurisdictional cooperation is imperative where watersheds cross political boundaries. (5) The
EIA process is a public process, hence public concerns must be dealt with fairly. (6) The role of science in the EIA process
must be at arms length from project proponents and regulators, and allowed to function in the interest of the protection of
the environment and public health and safety.
The views expressed here are the authors’ own and do not necessarily reflect those of FEARO and/or other government agencies
and officials involved in the review of these projects. 相似文献
3.
采用浸渍法制备金属改性SAPO-34分子筛催化剂,分析比较了不同单金属(Cu或Co)及不同比例双金属(Cu:Co=1:1、3:1、5:1,质量比)改性催化剂对NO的催化还原性能,评价了不同催化剂的N2选择性,并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、比表面积测试、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、NH3-程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)等表征手段对催化剂的物化性能进行了分析.结果表明,单金属Cu改性催化剂具有较宽的温度区间,在250~450℃范围内NO的转化率始终保持在100%;双金属改性使NO转化率保持为100%的最低温度下降了25~50℃,显著拓宽了低温段窗口,其中,Cu3Co1/SAPO-34催化剂的低温催化还原性能最好,200℃即可实现100%的NO转化率,175℃下的转化率也高达80%以上.Cu-Co双金属改性SAPO-34分子筛催化剂具有优异的低温催化还原NO性能,具有在机动车尾气、工业废气的低温脱硝治理领域应用的潜力. 相似文献
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5.
利用一个三维非静力区域大气化学输送模式与中尺度气象模式MM5相连接构成一个数值模拟系统,模拟了中国地区对流层臭氧与其前体物的分布以及二氧化硫转化为硫酸盐的过程,模式扬地面源排放、大气输送和扩散、干沉积、气相化学反应和云雨过程。结果表明:日间,O3浓度主要由NOx和NMHC的源排放和光化学反应过程支配,大气辐射是光化学反应强弱的决定因子,其强度可使SO2、O3和SO4^2-的生成浓度呈现不同的日变化和季节变化,结果表明高浓度的O3对二氧化硫转化为硫酸盐的化学过程有很大的促进作用,然而,这种作用受NMHC浓度的影响很大,较高浓度的NMHC使O3浓度上升,但同时增加了对OH等自由基的消耗,使SO2的转化率降低。 相似文献
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7.
此文分析在二辊楔横轧中轧制各类轴肩的过程。在假想工件轴端固定的图上确定楔侧面截面轮廓形状,再通过叠加轴向刚性移动量确定各截面实际位置,比较直观简便地设计出轧制轴肩的辊面上的成形曲面。最后归纳了设计步骤。 相似文献
8.
可持续发展概念指导下的化学--绿色化学 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
阐述了人类文明发展到绿色文明阶段时所产生的化学思想方法与传统化学思想方法的差别,分析了作为绿色文明积极实践者的绿色化学的产生背景以及从原材料、反应历程、分离技术、产品和包装方面与传统方法的差别,指山了今后绿色化学的发展趋势。 相似文献
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