Regional crop yield, water consumption and water use efficiency and their responses to climate change in the North China Plain

The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the most important regions for food production in China, with its agricultural system being significantly affected by the undergoing climate change and vulnerable with water stress. In this study, the Vegetation Interface Processes (VIP) model is used to evaluate crop yield, water consumption (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE) of a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system in the NCP from 1951 to 2006. Their responses to future climate scenarios of 21st century projected by the GCM (HadCM3) with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emission Scenario (IPCC SRES) A2 and B1 emissions are investigated. The results show a rapid enhancement of crop yield in the past 56 years, accompanying with slight increment of ET and noticeable improvement of WUE. There exist spatial patterns of crop yield stemmed mainly from soil quality and irrigation facilities. For climate change impacts, it is found that winter wheat yield will significantly increase with the maximum increment in A2 occurring in 2070s with a value of 19%, whereas the maximum in B1 being 13% in 2060s. Its ET is slightly intensified, which is less than 6%, under both A2 and B1 scenarios, giving rise to the improvement of WUE by 10% and 7% under A2 and B1 scenarios, respectively. Comparatively, summer maize yield will gently decline by 15% for A2 and 12% for B1 scenario, respectively. Its ET is obviously increasing since 2050s with over 10% relative change, leading to a lower WUE with more than 25% relative change under both scenarios in 2090s. Therefore, possible adaptation countermeasures should be developed to mitigate the negative effects of climate change for the sustainable development of agro-ecosystems in the NCP.     

黄淮海平原冬小麦种植的气候变化适应评估

水资源短缺影响黄淮海平原农业稳定和可持续发展。气候变化情景下,农业用水紧张的问题可能进一步加剧,种植制度和作物品种区域布局将面临调整。论文利用IPCC 5三种代表性温室气体浓度排放路径（RCP 2.6、RCP 4.5和RCP 8.5）的多模式集成数据,基于VIP（soil-Vegetation-atmosphere Interface Processes）生态水文模型,模拟了2011—2059年黄淮海平原二级子流域的水资源盈亏变化。在此基础上,针对水分亏缺最严重的子流域,设计无外来调水和维持2000—2010年调水总量水平的两种流域地下水采补均衡情景,对冬小麦种植区域的合理布局及其对产量的影响进行评估。结果表明,2050年代黄淮海平原农作物蒸散量增幅大于降雨量增幅,北部地区水分亏缺量将增加,南部地区水分盈余量则减少。在低到高的排放情景下,全区域水分盈余量下降0.1%~14.1%。两种地下水采补均衡情景下,2050年代黄淮海平原冬小麦种植面积应分别减少9.8%~11.3%和7.0%~8.8%,相应产量分别增加0~11.9%和3.0%~15.9%。适当减少冬小麦种植面积,可有效减缓黄淮海地区农业水资源的不足,保护生态环境,促进农业可持续发展。     

生态足迹动态预测模型构建与分析——以武汉市为例

生态足迹的动态预测能够为区域可持续发展政策的制定提供科学的理论依据,但其研究仍处于探索阶段.以武汉市为例,选取表征社会经济发展的重要指标建立了社会经济系统指标体系,在对武汉市1978～2004年生态足迹时间序列计量的基础上,应用偏最小二乘算法构建了生态足迹动态预测模型,并根据VIP值的大小分析了各指标对生态足迹的影响机制.结果表明,武汉市"十一五"规划期间生态足迹呈上升趋势,其中规划期末2010年的人均生态足迹为2.810 5 hm2,高于全球生态阈值(人均生态足迹为2.200 0 hm2);根据VIP值得出人口、能源消费量和第三产业所占比重为最重要的影响因子,并就如何实现武汉市"十一五"规划目标提出了政策性建议.将科技进步贡献率、能源消费量等重要因子纳入社会经济系统指标体系,弥补了在生态足迹定量测度中忽略社会、经济、科技因素对其影响的不足;另一方面,引入偏最小二乘算法中的VIP值更准确地评价了各指标对生态足迹变化的影响,为生态足迹动态预测研究作了进一步地完善与改进.     

华北平原1981～2001年作物蒸散量的时空分异特征

利用土壤-植被-大气传输机理模型(VIP模型),以GIS背景数据库(土地利用图、土壤质地图和数字高程图)为支撑,在NOAA-AVHRRNDVI数据和气象信息的驱动下,连续模拟了1981～2001年华北平原冬小麦和夏玉米生育期的蒸散过程。结果表明:模拟的作物蒸散量与Lysimeter观测值和其他学者的田间试验研究结果具有较好的一致性。华北平原冬小麦多年平均蒸散量空间上呈现南高北低的趋势,其中黄河以北地区和山东半岛的蒸散量在200～400mm之间,南部地区在400～466mm之间。对玉米而言,北部的海河低地平原以及津、冀、鲁的沿海地区多年平均蒸散量变化在230～380mm,其余大部分地区蒸散量在380～470mm。除本区最南端的极少部分地区外,华北平原大部分地区冬小麦生育期内的自然降水都小于蒸散量,水分亏缺量大于200mm,而夏玉米生育期内大部分地区的降水大于蒸散量。     

Interpreting spatial heterogeneity of crop yield with a process model and remote sensing

A process-based crop growth model (Vegetation Interface Processes (VIP) model) is used to estimate crop yield with remote sensing over the North China Plain. Spatial pattern of the key parameter—maximum catalytic capacity of Rubisco (V_cmax) for assimilation is retrieved from Normalized Difference of Vegetation Index (NDVI) from Terra-MODIS and statistical yield records. The regional simulation shows that the agreements between the simulated winter wheat yields and census data at county-level are quite well with R² being 0.41-0.50 during 2001-2005. Spatial variability of photosynthetic capacity and yield in irrigated regions depend greatly on nitrogen input. Due to the heavy soil salinity, the photosynthetic capacity and yield in coastal region is less than 50 μmol C m⁻² s⁻¹ and 3000 kg ha⁻¹, respectively, which are much lower than that in non-salinized region, 84.5 μmol C m⁻² s⁻¹ and 5700 kg ha⁻¹. The predicted yield for irrigated wheat ranges from 4000 to 7800 kg ha⁻¹, which is significantly larger than that of rainfed, 1500-3000 kg ha⁻¹. According to the path coefficient analysis, nitrogen significantly affects yield, by which water exerts noticeably indirect influences on yield. The effect of water on yield is regulated, to a certain extent, by crop photosynthetic capacity and nitrogen application. It is believed that photosynthetic parameters retrieved from remote sensing are reliable for regional production prediction with a process-based model.     

生态足迹动态预测模型构建与分析

生态足迹的动态预测能够为区域可持续发展政策的制定提供科学的理论依据,但其研究仍处于探索阶段。以武汉市为例,选取表征社会经济发展的重要指标建立了社会经济系统指标体系,在对武汉市1978~2004年生态足迹时间序列计量的基础上,应用偏最小二乘算法构建了生态足迹动态预测模型,并根据〖WTBX〗VIP〖WTBZ〗值的大小分析了各指标对生态足迹的影响机制。结果表明,武汉市“十一五”规划期间生态足迹呈上升趋势,其中规划期末2010年的人均生态足迹为2810 5 hm2,高于全球生态阈值（人均生态足迹为2200 0 hm2）;根据〖WTBX〗VIP〖WTBZ〗值得出人口、能源消费量和第三产业所占比重为最重要的影响因子,并就如何实现武汉市“十一五”规划目标提出了政策性建议。将科技进步贡献率、能源消费量等重要因子纳入社会经济系统指标体系,弥补了在生态足迹定量测度中忽略社会、经济、科技因素对其影响的不足;另一方面,引入偏最小二乘算法中的〖WTBX〗VIP〖WTBZ〗值更准确地评价了各指标对生态足迹变化的影响,为生态足迹动态预测研究作了进一步地完善与改进。〖