Subcellular distribution and toxicity of cadmium in Potamogeton crispus L

The submerged macrophyte Potamogeton crispus L. was subjected to varying doses of cadmium (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 μM) for 7 d, and the plants were analyzed for subcellular distribution of Cd, accumulation of mineral nutrients, photosynthesis, oxidative stress, protein content, and ultrastructural distribution of calcium (Ca). Leaf fractionation by differential centrifugation indicated that 48-69% of Cd was accumulated in the cell wall. At all doses of Cd, the levels of Ca and B rose and the level of Mn fell; the levels of Fe, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mo, and P rose initially only to decline later. Exposure to Cd caused oxidative stress as evident by increased content of malondialdehyde and decreased contents of chlorophyll and protein. Photosynthetic efficiency, as indicated by the quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence (Fv/Fm, Fo and Fm), decreased significantly, the extent of decrease being directly proportional to the concentration of Cd. Increased amounts of precipitates of calcium were noticed in the treated plants, located either outside the cell membrane or in chloroplasts, mitochondria, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm whereas control plants showed small deposits of the precipitates around surface of the vacuole membrane and in the intercellular space but rarely in the cytoplasm. Photosynthetic efficiency and oxidative stress could be used as indicators of physiological end-points in determining the extent of Cd phytotoxicity.     

恩诺沙星和硫氰酸红霉素对铜绿微囊藻的毒性研究

研究了恩诺沙星、硫氰酸红霉素暴露对铜绿微囊藻生长和生理的影响.结果显示恩诺沙星、硫氰酸红霉素对铜绿微囊藻的生长有抑制作用,且96h-EC50分别为84.6,48.2mg/L;对铜绿微囊藻的叶绿素荧光和光合色素含量的影响一致,表现为浓度-效应关系;对可溶性蛋白含量的影响表现为低促高抑的现象;丙二醛含量随着抗生素浓度的增加显著增加.可见,恩诺沙星和硫氰酸红霉素能够阻碍铜绿微囊藻的光合作用,抑制可溶性蛋白的合成,从而影响铜绿微囊藻的正常生长.     

壬基酚对球形棕囊藻的生态毒性效应

为了探讨环境激素类物质壬基酚（Nonylphenol,NP）对海洋赤潮藻的生态毒性效应,实验以球形棕囊藻（Phaeocystis globosa）为测试对象,设置了7个NP质量浓度处理（0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5和0.6 mg·L-1）,实验周期为96 h,测定了各处理组球形棕囊藻的生长、可溶性蛋白质量浓度、光合色素质量浓度、丙二醛（MDA）摩尔分数以及最大光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）等指标。结果表明,NP对于球形棕囊藻的96 h EC50为0.42 mg·L-1;而且,随着NP质量浓度的增加,球形棕囊藻的生长速率、可溶性蛋白质量浓度、光合色素质量浓度以及Fv/Fm等指标的下降幅度更加显著;随着NP质量浓度的增加,球形棕囊藻的MDA摩尔分数明显上升;NP低质量浓度（0.1 mg·L-1）暴露能够使球形棕囊藻的类胡萝卜素质量浓度、可溶性蛋白质量浓度和Fv/Fm等指标高于对照组,说明球形棕囊藻在NP暴露下能够产生毒物刺激效应现象。     

雷特超强堵漏剂在元陆9井的应用

元坝区块须家河组地层极易发生井漏,增加了钻井风险,严重影响了施工进度。分析了须家河组地层的漏失原因和堵漏难点,介绍了雷特超强堵漏剂的堵漏机理和性能优势,对雷特承压堵漏技术在元陆9井须家河组地层的成功堵漏实践进行了详细剖析。现场应用表明:雷特承压堵漏技术适用于须家河组地层,在相同漏失程度下,雷特堵漏的施工时间仅为常规堵漏的1/10,堵漏材料的消耗量仅为常规堵漏的1/19,一次堵漏成功率100%,堵漏效果显著,为类似地层的堵漏施工提供参考。     

Brassinosteroid alleviates phenanthrene and pyrene phytotoxicity by increasing detoxification activity and photosynthesis in tomato

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of exogenously applied 24-epibrassinolide (BR) on growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems of tomato seedlings grown under different levels (0, 10, 30, 100 and 300 μM) of phenanthrene (PHE) and pyrene (PYR) in hydroponics. A concentration-dependent decrease in growth, photosynthetic pigment contents, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), maximal quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), effective quantum yield of PSII (Φ_PSII), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) has been observed following PHE and PYR exposure. By contrast, non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) was increased. PHE was found to induce higher stress than PYR. However, foliar or root application of BR (50 nM and 5 nM, respectively) alleviated all those depressions with a sharp improvement in the activity of photosynthetic machinery. The activities of guaicol peroxidase (GPOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) as well as content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased in a dose-dependent manner under PHE or PYR treatments. Compared with control the highest increments of GPOD, CAT, APX, GR and MDA by PHE/PYR alone treatments were observed following 300 μM concentration, which were 67%, 87%, 53%, 95% and 74% by PHE and 42%, 53%, 30%, 86% and 62% by PYR, respectively. In addition, both reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were induced by PHE or PYR. Interestingly, BR application in either form further increased enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants in tomato roots treated with PHE or PYR. Our results suggest that BR has an anti-stress effect on tomato seedlings contaminated with PHE or PYR and this effect is mainly attributed by increased detoxification activity.     

水体营养盐质量浓度对苦草光合荧光特性的影响

通过室内培养,利用水下饱和脉冲荧光仪(Diving-PAM)研究了不同质量浓度的营养盐对苦草光合荧光特性的影响. 结果表明:①水体中N,P营养盐质量浓度的高低对苦草叶片PSⅡ和F_v/F_m影响不显著(P＞0.05). ②在日变化过程中,各处理组苦草的ΔF_v/F_m′均呈升—降—升的变化趋势,但方差分析显示,水体ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)变化不直接影响苦草的ΔF_v/F_m′(P＞0.05).③试验第4天各处理组的苦草叶片光响应能力大小依次为处理组B＞处理组C＞处理组D＞处理组A;在苦草生长初期,质量浓度较高的营养盐可以提高苦草叶片的光响应能力和捕光能力,并可增强叶片的光合活性;从整个试验过程来说,分别是处理组B的ρ(TN)和处理组C的ρ(TP)更利于苦草的生长.