恶臭污染评价方法及来源识别研究

随着经济的发展,人们的环境意识不断增强,恶臭作为一种环境污染已越来越受到人们的重视.文章概述了恶臭评价的主要影响因素,以及目前常用的评价方法如臭气强度评价法、臭气浓度(或臭气指数)评价法、臭气扩散模型预测评价法,同时从谱图恶臭污染源识别和源解析模型识别技术两方面介绍了恶臭污染物源解析技术,为恶臭污染事故诊断分析、定性恶臭污染物来源提供了一种新的途径和方法.最后通过分析目前尚未解决的科学问题,指出了今后的研究方向.     

典型异味源的感官特性及特征污染物筛选

为研究不同异味源的感官特性以及不同行业特征污染物的排放差异,以卷烟厂、烘培坊、烤漆厂为研究对象,采用愉悦度9级度量法,测定源样品不同稀释倍数（5~6个浓度梯度）下的愉悦度等级,绘制3种典型异味源愉悦度-臭气浓度指数特征曲线,并进行回归分析,同时筛选出3个典型异味源的特征污染物（烤漆厂的特征污染物为乙酸乙酯、对二乙苯、乙苯、间二甲苯、乙酸丁酯,卷烟厂为乙醇、萘、2-丁酮、柠檬烯、丙烷,烘培坊为乙醇、柠檬烯、α-蒎烯、甲苯、丙酮）,并建立了异味评价干扰潜力的数学模型.结果表明:3种典型异味源的愉悦度与臭气浓度指数之间的关系均符合二次多项式模型,卷烟厂和烤漆厂异味源的愉悦度均为负值,并且厌恶程度随臭气浓度的增大而增强;而烘焙坊异味源的愉悦度为正值.当愉悦度等级为-2时,卷烟厂和烤漆厂对应的臭气浓度分别为30和26.干扰潜力的强弱是由臭气浓度和愉悦度2个因素直接决定的,烤漆厂的干扰潜力为-14.48,卷烟厂为-14.17,烘培坊为11.77.研究显示,愉悦度与臭气浓度指数间量化关系模型以及异味源干扰潜力评估模型的建立,可为异味源的分类分级以及异味源环境影响标准的制订提供科学依据.      

视觉感受对噪声烦恼度的影响

运用模糊数学原理,通过对噪声主观反应调查,并用模糊隶属度原理进行分析计算．结果表明,在受声点噪声的听觉性质大致相同的情况下,在噪声源可见时,噪声烦恼度比噪声源不可见时要大．这一研究结果对于改善噪声影响提出了一种新的思路．     

Subjective annoyance caused by indoor low-level and low frequency noise and control method

IntroductionItwasbelievedthatonlyhigh_levelnoisecouldcausenoisepollution.Theinfluenceoflow_levelnoisehasnotbeenwidelynoticed.Thisresearchdiscoveredthatundercertainconditionsthelow_levelnoise,especiallylowfrequencynoise,mayevencausehigherannoyanceresponse.…     

高架桥路交通噪声主观反应调查研究

采用调查与噪声测量同步进行的方法研究人们对城市高架桥路交通噪声的主观反应,分析了主观烦恼度,睡眠干扰率随等效声级变化的规律,指出不同人群主观烦恼反应,睡眠干扰反应的差异,高架桥路建设前后及非高架桥主观反应的差异。     

噪声主观反应模糊隶属函数的AHP计算方法

根据模糊数学层次分析法(AHP)的原理,构造判断矩阵,针对不同的环境功能区域,定量计算各主观烦恼度表述等级的隶属度,求出了相应环境下的模糊隶属函数,并运用于噪声主观烦恼反应阈值的计算.实例计算表明,对不同环境建立不同的烦恼隶属函数,更符合人们对噪声主观反应所作表述的实际,计算得到的烦恼概率和噪声阈值更科学可信.     

Policy, personal dispositions and the evaluation of aircraft noise

In this paper, we hypothesize and test the ideas that (1) people’s subjectivity in relation to aircraft noise is shaped by the policy discourse, (2) this results in a limited number of frames towards aircraft noise, (3) the frames inform people how to think and feel about aircraft noise and (4) the distribution of the frames in the population is dependent on structural variables related to the individual. To reveal subjects’ frames of aircraft noise a latent class model is estimated based on survey data gathered among a sample of 250 residents living near Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, a major international airport in the Netherlands. In line with expectations, the results show that there are four evaluative frames of aircraft noise, three of which are strongly linked to the policy discourse. The frames are associated with fitting levels of annoyance response. In turn, frame membership is influenced by two structural variables, namely aircraft noise exposure and noise sensitivity. The results indicate that social factors operate discursively in the explanation of subjective reaction to noise, while psychological factors operate within a traditional cause-and-effect model. The paper concludes with several policy implications.     

间歇噪声主观烦恼度研究

为研究时域参数改变对间歇噪声主观烦恼度的影响,采用成对比较法,在70phon和75phon两个响度级下,对125～4000Hz各倍频程中心频率下间歇性纯音的主观烦恼度进行了实验研究.结果表明,频率、响度相同的间歇性纯音,其烦恼度与持续时间、间隔时间具有较好的关联度,持续时间相同,间隔时间越短,烦恼度越大;间隔时间相同,持续时间越长,烦恼度越大;连续纯音比间歇性纯音的烦恼度更高.通过对具有连续谱特征的间歇噪声的主观烦恼度研究,发现其与间歇性纯音的上述实验结果相一致.另外,在响度级、持续时间和间隔时间相同时,对250r～4000Hz的间歇性纯音,频率越高,烦恼度越大,但对250Hz以下的间歇性纯音,125Hz比250Hz烦恼度更大.     

军用机场飞机噪声主观烦恼度研究

为了更全面的了解和反映飞机噪声对机场工作人员的影响情况,在A、B、C、D四个军用机场进行了飞机噪声现场测试和工作人员主管烦恼度的问卷调查,通过调研数据分析了飞机噪声对机场内部人员的影响情况。     

Subjective Annoyance Response to Diesel Engine Sound During Idling Conditions

Subjective annoyance response to diesel engine sound during idling conditions was evaluated by 80 participants. Eight different sound spectra were presented to the participants at a constant level of 80 dB(A) in a paired comparison procedure. Stereo-recorded sound stimuli were played back through a pair of loudspeakers in an anechoic room. Four objective parameters of loudness, sharpness, impulsiveness, and roughness were found to be the determining factors that cause subjective annoyance. An annoyance prediction model for the test stimuli of an idling diesel engine was developed on the basis of these factors. The objective parameters and their interactions have a significant effect on the annoyance prediction model. The spectral distribution indicated by test participants to be pleasant can be used as a basis for appropriate modification of engine sound. A single microphone measurement in free field conditions can be used to estimate objective parameters for defining the cause of annoyance.