Proximity economics and environment: assessment and prospects

The use of the theoretical tools provided by proximity economics to address environmental questions, and the emergence of analyses revitalising the role of the spatial dimension in environmental problems, date from the late 1990s. This paper first aims to provide a review of the research conducted in this field and second to suggest some future research directions concerning the respective roles of geographical proximity and organised proximity in the production and management of environmental problems. First, it deals with the topic of ‘geographical proximity and land-use conflicts’, a topic that is currently the most researched in this field. This is followed by a discussion of the role of organised proximity in the regulation of environmental problems. The paper then explores the relation between the uncertainty associated with environmental issues and relations of organised proximity. Next it outlines a few possible research directions, focusing more particularly on the roles of geographical proximity as a mode of regulation of environmental problems, and on the possible role of organised proximity in their production. The concluding section draws an overview of the departures and extensions that have resulted from taking into account environmental issues in the paradigm of proximity economics.     

Individual risk analysis of high-pressure natural gas pipelines

Transmission pipelines carrying natural gas are not typically within secure industrial sites, but are routed across land out of the ownership of the pipeline company. If the natural gas is accidentally released and ignited, the hazard distance associated with these pipelines to people and property is known to range from under 20 m for a smaller pipeline at lower pressure to up to over 300 m for a larger pipeline at higher pressure. Therefore, pipeline operators and regulators must address the associated public safety issues.This paper focuses on a method to explicitly calculate the individual risk of a transmission pipeline carrying natural gas. The method is based on reasonable accident scenarios for route planning related to the pipeline's proximity to the surrounding buildings. The minimum proximity distances between the pipeline and buildings are based on the rupture of the pipeline, with the distances chosen to correspond to a radiation level of approximately 32 kW/m². In the design criteria for steel pipelines for high-pressure gas transmission (IGE/TD/1), the minimum building proximity distances for rural areas are located between individual risk values of 10⁻⁵ and 10⁻⁶. Therefore, the risk from a natural gas transmission pipeline is low compared with risk at the building separated minimum distance from chemical industries.     

毫米波近炸探测器超宽带电磁脉冲防护加固措施研究

目的 研究毫米波引信近炸探测器超宽带(Ultra-wideband,UWB)电磁脉冲防护加固措施,提高引信的电磁防护能力。方法 利用超宽带辐照试验平台,开展辐照试验,通过测试,确定受损探测器的损伤部位,明确辐照效应机理,并提出针对性加固措施。结果 超宽带电磁脉冲可使探测器出现死机或硬损伤的现象,受试探测器的效应场强阈值在50~80 kV/m。死机可在重启后恢复,而硬损伤为不可恢复现象。结论 毫米波引信近炸探测器对超宽带电磁脉冲较为敏感,锁相环回路是探测器的敏感部位。探测器暴露在辐照场下的射频电路和天线窗口是超宽带能量的主要耦合通道。采取改进元器件布局、更换器件和屏蔽线等加固措施后,探测器超宽带的防护能力有较大提升,证明了加固措施的有效性。     

基于模糊贴近度的组织安全文化评估方法

鉴于组织安全文化评估过程中,各因素指标及其相互作用关系具有模糊性,引入模糊数学理论,提出一种基于模糊贴近度的组织安全文化评估(SCA)方法。首先,构建组织安全文化因素指标体系以及确定SCA特征状态模式;其次,依据模糊语言隶属度函数以及特征状态模式,确定指标与SCA等级的隶属度;第三,确定指标与各等级的非对称贴近度,依据模糊贴近度判断矩阵进行评估决策;最后,以核电组织安全文化为例,通过对比分析进行方法的验证。实例分析结果的一致性表明:该方法能有效量化系统状态与各评估等级之间的贴近程度,能解决安全文化以及评估状态的模糊性问题,且评估结果与实际状态相吻合。     

基于模糊熵和非对称贴近度的安全预警评估方法

针对系统安全风险评估和预警过程中,系统安全特性和各预警因素所存在的模糊不确定性问题,将熵理论和模糊数学相结合,提出一种基于模糊熵和非对称贴近度的系统安全预警评估方法。在建立系统安全预警评估指标体系的基础上,首先,分析基于模糊熵理论确定预警指标权重的可行性,给出系统预警指标赋权算法;其次,建立基于模糊非对称贴近度确定系统安全等级的过程,第三,给出系统安全预警评估的具体计算步骤;最后,以人为因素系统的安全预警评估为例进行方法的实例验证。实例分析结果表明采用该方法所确定的系统预警指标权重更加符合客观实际,能有效解决系统安全预警评估中存在的模糊不确定性问题,系统预警决策结果合理有效。     

非对称开采条件下工作面“多向应力”变化特征研究

在非对称开采条件下,工作面受上覆岩层自重应力、超前支承应力、采空区侧向支承应力和回风巷煤柱应力等“多向应力”叠加影响,使得工作面应力呈“非对称”性。为研究非对称开采条件下工作面“多向应力”变化特征,基于微震监测、应力在线监测和理论计算,对母杜柴登煤矿30202工作面回采过程中所形成的非对称开采条件下的应力变化进行分析;并基于工作面所受应力条件和围岩体结构条件,分析了“多向应力”叠加显现机理。结果表明:30202工作面回采期间,煤柱支承应力沿走向分为应力升高区、应力明显降低区、应力缓慢降低区和应力稳定区,其应力峰值主要集中在工作面前方40 m左右,应力集中系数平均为1.61;在非对称开采阶段,在走向方向工作面超前支承应力影响范围较回采初期增加了100 m左右;在不考虑垂直应力影响的情况下,相邻工作面采空区的侧向应力对30202工作面倾向方向的影响范围为44 m,应力最大值为56.1 MPa。在“多向应力”耦合作用下工作面在回采过程中产生能量集聚,并在采动扰动下发生能量释放,满足了大能量事件发生的基本应力条件;同时在扰动条件下采空区发生高位顶板错动,以及围岩支护薄弱为大能量事件的发生提供了围岩结构条件。研究结果可为工作面非对称开采条件下采场矿压显现规律研究、顶板控制和巷道支护设计提供指导。     

不对称还原丙酮酸乙酯菌株的筛选及鉴定

以丙酮酸乙酯为底物,从成都某化工厂污水池及其附近土壤中分离到36株可将丙酮酸乙酯不对称还原成(S)-乳酸乙酯的菌株.经过多次复筛,最终获得了一株具有较高催化活性的酵母菌BTY18-6.在以该菌株静息细胞为催化剂,催化不对称还原丙酮酸乙酯合成(S)-乳酸乙酯的反应中,底物浓度为60 mmol/L时,底物转化率为86.9%,产物(S)-乳酸乙酯的ee值为88.7%.通过对其形态学、生理生化特征及其26S rDNA Dl/D2区域的分析表明,BTY18-6为胶红酵母.     

Silver-Russell syndrome as a cause for early intrauterine growth restriction

The diagnosis of Silver–Russell syndrome is based on the characteristic growth restriction and the presence of typical dysmorphic features. We present the prenatal and postnatal findings of a case that was treated at our perinatal center. The suspected diagnosis Silver–Russell syndrome was confirmed after delivery by our medical genetic and neonatology services. The authors want to point out that SRS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of early asymmetric intrauterine growth restriction. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal Institutional Arrangements for Transboundary Pollutants in a Second-Best World: Evidence from a Differential Game with Asymmetric Players

This paper uses a dynamic model with asymmetric players to explore the question: In a second-best world, should environmental regulations for transboundary pollutants be carried out locally or centrally? We find that combined payoffs are larger with decentralized control if payoffs are sufficiently heterogeneous and initial pollution stocks are sufficiently small. This result is obtained because the central authority applies one shadow price to pollution (i.e., it uses uniform standards), whereas local authorities use different shadow prices, and therefore different standards.