This research seeks for improved understanding regarding the interaction of meaningful work and the work–family interface. Existing literature suggests that experiencing a sense of calling toward work makes the work domain particularly salient to employees compared to other life domains. In this article, we draw on this idea, rooted in identity theory, to hypothesize that a sense of calling toward work diminishes the effects of work–family conflict and work–family enrichment on employee's job and life satisfaction. We test these ideas in two studies. First, we surveyed an alumni sample of 598 employees from various jobs, industries, and job levels. Then, in a constructive replication, we surveyed 327 employees using a time-lagged design. Calling was found to significantly buffer the effect of work–family conflict on job satisfaction in Study 2, but not Study 1. Calling did not buffer the effect of conflict on life satisfaction in either study. However, both studies demonstrated that calling attenuated (substituted for) the effect of work–family enrichment on job satisfaction. Study 1 supported the idea that calling attenuates the effect of enrichment on life satisfaction; however, this interactive effect was reversed in Study 2, contrary to expectations. We discuss implications for theory and practice related to callings and career choices, as well as for the role of calling and work identity in the work–family interface. 相似文献
Many mammals warn conspecifics with alarm calls about detected predators. These alarm calls are either functionally referential,
urgency based, or they can have multiple functions, including predator deterrence. The taxonomic distribution of these alarm
call systems is uneven, with primates providing the best-known examples for a functionally referential system and rodents
most examples of an urgency-based system. Reports of different alarm call systems in lemurid primates prompted us to examine
the anti-predator behavior of two additional lemur species. In an experimental field study we exposed adult redfronted lemurs
(Eulemur fulvus rufus) and white sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi) to playbacks of vocalizations of their main aerial and terrestrial predators, as well as to their own alarm calls given
in response to the presentation of these predators. We scored the subjects' immediate behavioral responses, including alarm
calls, from video recordings made during the first minute following a playback. We found that both species gave specific alarm
calls only in response to raptor playbacks and the corresponding alarm calls, whereas calls given in response to carnivores
and the corresponding alarm calls were also observed in other situations characterized by high arousal. Other behavioral responses,
such as gaze and escape directions, corresponded to the hunting strategies of the two predator classes, suggesting that the
corresponding vocalizations were categorized correctly. These two lemur species, which represent different families, have
therefore independently evolved a mixed alarm call system, characterized by functionally referential calls for diurnal raptors,
but not for carnivores. Electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer LINK server
located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-001-0436-0
Electronic Publication 相似文献
Abstract: Pond-breeding amphibians are affected by site-specific factors and regional and landscape-scale patterns of land use. Recent anthropogenic landscape modifications (drainage, agriculture intensification, larger road networks, and increased traffic) affect species by reducing the suitable habitat area and fragmenting remaining populations. Using a robust concentric approach based on permutation tests, we evaluated the impact of recent landscape changes on the presence of the endangered European tree frog ( Hyla arborea ) in wetlands. We analyzed the frequency of 1 traffic and 14 land-use indices at 20 circular ranges (from 100-m up to 2-km radii) around 76 ponds identified in western Switzerland. Urban areas and road surfaces had a strong adverse effect on tree frog presence even at relatively great distances (from 100 m up to 1 km). When traffic measurements were considered instead of road surfaces, the effect increased, suggesting a negative impact due to a vehicle-induced effect. Altogether, our results indicate that urbanization and traffic must be taken into account when pond creation is an option in conservation management plans, as is the case for the European tree frog in western Switzerland. We conclude that our easy-to-use and robust concentric method of analysis can successfully assist managers in identifying potential sites for pond creation, where probability of the presence of tree frogs is maximized. 相似文献
Summary. This study reports on the impact of insecticidal resistance on the diel periodicity of the calling behaviour and pheromone
production of different-aged virgin females of the obliquebanded leafroller (OBL), Choristoneura rosaceana. While both resistant (R) and susceptible (S) females initiated calling on the first night following emergence, the periodicity
of the calling behaviour, as determined by the mean onset time of calling (MOTC) and the mean time spent calling (MTSC) over
the first six nights of calling, differed between the two strains. R females started calling significantly later in the night.
However, as the MOTC of R females advanced with age but did not do so in S individuals, the difference between strains was
more pronounced in younger than older females. Furthermore, R females spent less time calling than S individuals. However,
the MTSC increased as a function of age in both R and S females, so the difference between strains remained fairly constant
for each night of calling. The major component of OBL sex pheromone, the Z11-14: Ac, determined at peak calling activity,
significantly declined with female age. Overall, pheromone production was lower in R females than in S females, with the difference
being more pronounced in younger than in older individuals. Thus, resistant females may have a lower mating success. The mating
success of both R and S strain males did not vary with the number of previous matings acquired. With regard to males, although
there was a significant decline in spermatophore size with successive matings, there was no significant difference between
strains. However, R males are smaller and may be disadvantaged through female choice and/or may respond differently to pheromone
source compared with S individuals. If the reproductive success of both sexes is affected, this may have a profound influence
on the dynamics of insecticidal resistance in the presence or absence of selection in OBL populations.
Received 4 July 2001; accepted 19 October 2001. 相似文献
We sought to understand why a social, desert rodent, the great gerbil, Rhombomys opimus, expends energy and possible risk of predation by footdrumming and vocalizing in the presence of a diversity of terrestrial
predators: snakes, monitor lizards, polecats, foxes, and humans. Behavioral observations, human approaches, and experiments
with tethered predators revealed that both male and female gerbils called and footdrummed in the presence of offspring, close
relatives, and potential mates. Because adults called more often when pups were present, and solitary gerbils seldom gave
an alarm, the alarm behavior probably warns conspecifics, especially vulnerable offspring, of potential danger. We also found
that gerbils altered alarm behavior with the type of predator. They drummed more in the burrow when a dog that could not enter
the burrow was present, and they drummed more out of the burrow in response to a snake that could enter the burrow. Gerbils
vocalized and stood in an alert posture in response to all stimuli. The different footdrumming responses of gerbils to terrestrial
predators seems related to the hunting style and type of risk posed by the predator, especially its ability to enter the burrow
system.
Received: 23 August 1999 / Received in revised form: 6 December 1999 / Accepted: 25 February 2000 相似文献
Summary. Females of both species start their pheromone-releasing activity on the second day after emergence at the beginning of the
photophase. During the present work, a peak of calling activity with close to 100% of active Ph. nigrescentella females was registered 1.5 hour after the light had been put on. The high pheromone release behaviour with 50% active females
lasted for 3 hours. The calling activity of the group of females was about 6 h/day. The beginning of a photophase under laboratory
conditions or an early morning in nature is a common period for sex pheromone release in the genus Phyllonorycter. (8Z,10E)-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate (8Z,10E-14:Ac), (8Z,10E)-tetradecadien-1-ol (8Z,10E-14:OH) and (8E,10Z)-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate (8E,10Z-14:Ac) in the ratio 96:4:traces as well as 8Z,10E-14:Ac and 8Z,10E-14:OH in the ratio 88:12 collected by Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) were found to be specific for the calling periods
of virgin Phyllonorycter insignitella and Ph. nigrescentella females respectively. Field trapping experiments demonstrated that all three compounds are important for the attraction of
Ph. insignitella males while only 8Z,10E-14:Ac is the essential sex pheromone component for Ph. nigrescentella. The pheromone activity of all three compounds is reported for the first time. Addition of either 8Z,10E-14:OH or 8E,10Z-14:Ac to 8Z,10E-14:Ac did not have a significant effect on the attraction of Ph. nigrescentella males, while the efficiency of the three component blend was 5 times lower as compared to that of 8Z,10E-14:Ac. Our data demonstrate that 8Z,10E-14:OH and 8E,10Z-14:Ac play a dual function, they are minor sex pheromone components of Ph. insignitella essential for attraction of conspecific males and show an allelochemical, antagonistic effect on Ph. nigrescentella males and, thus, ensuring specificity of the mate location signal in two related Phyllonorycter species. 相似文献
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of calling, texting, and searching for information while riding a motorcycle among university students and the influences of sociodemographic characteristics, social norms, and risk perceptions on these behaviors.
Methods: Students at 2 university campuses in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, the 2 largest cities in Vietnam, were invited to participate in an anonymous online survey. Data collection was conducted during March and May 2016.
Results: There were 741 respondents, of whom nearly 90% of students (665) were motorcycle riders. Overall prevalence of mobile phone use while riding is 80.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 77.9–83.9%) with calling having a higher level of prevalence than texting or searching for information while riding: 74% (95% CI, 70.7–77.3%) vs. 51.7% (95% CI, 47.9–55.5%) and 49.9% (95% CI, 46.1–53.7%), respectively. Random parameter ordered probit modeling results indicate that mobile phone use while riding is associated with gender, motorcycle license duration, perceived crash risk, perceived risk of mobile phone snatching, and perceptions of friends' mobile phone use while riding.
Conclusions: Mobile phone use while riding a motorcycle is highly prevalent among university students. Educational programs should focus on the crash and economic risk of all types of mobile phone use while riding, including calling, texting, and searching for information. In addition, they should consider targeting the influence of social norms and peers on mobile phone use while riding. 相似文献