基于证据理论的烟花爆竹生产经营企业安全评价方法研究

在烟花爆竹生产经营企业的安全评价中,存在着很大的不确定性。证据理论作为一种处理不确定性问题的有效工具,已经被广泛应用到很多领域中。本文建立了烟花爆竹生产经营企业的安全系统风险评价指标体系,并应用证据理论处理烟花爆竹生产经营企业安全评价中的不确定性问题,通过实例验证结果表明基于证据理论对烟花爆竹生产经营企业进行风险评价具有可行性、有效性与实用性。     

Mitigating the Effect of Development on Bats in England with Derogation Licensing

The Convention on Biological Diversity has catalyzed worldwide awareness of threats to biological diversity and stimulated global conservation strategies. These have led to national and international legislation and have generated debate about the most effective conservation actions. Under the EU Habitats Directive, all member states are obliged to establish a system for strict protection of species listed in Annex IV(a), which includes all bats. In England, this obligation has resulted in legislation that allows for derogation from strict protection under license, provided activities are undertaken to mitigate any potential negative effects on bat numbers. We used an evidence‐based approach to assess the cost‐effectiveness of mitigation strategies and the English bat‐derogation licensing process as a whole. We analyzed data from 389 bat derogation licenses issued in England from 2003 to 2005 relating to 1776 roosts and 15 species to determine the nature and extent of development and mitigation activities and their effects on bats. Overall the effects of licensed activities on roosts were negative. Despite the level of protection afforded to bats, the majority (68%) of roosts for which derogation licenses were issued were destroyed. There were species‐specific differences in the probability of roosts being destroyed, and impacts on roosts did not reflect a species’ conservation status. Information provided by licensees was inadequate and inconsistent. Most licensees (67%) failed to submit postdevelopment reports, and postdevelopment monitoring was conducted at only 19% of sites. Despite a minimum of £4.13 million spent on mitigation structures for bats from 2003 to 2005, it was unclear whether the licensing process meets EU obligations. On the basis of our results, we believe there is a need to overhaul the licensing process, to establish a comprehensive, standardized postdevelopment monitoring system, and to demonstrate that mitigation is commensurate with Britain's legal obligations. Mitigando el Efecto del Desarrollo sobre los Murciélagos en Inglaterra con Licencias de Derogación     

Livelihoods,conflict and aid programming: is the evidence base good enough?

In conflict‐affected situations, aid‐funded livelihood interventions are often tasked with a dual imperative: to generate material welfare benefits and to contribute to peacebuilding outcomes. There may be some logic to such a transformative agenda, but does the reality square with the rhetoric? Through a review of the effectiveness of a range of livelihood promotion interventions—from job creation to microfinance—this paper finds that high quality empirical evidence is hard to come by in conflict‐affected situations. Many evaluations appear to conflate outputs with impacts and numerous studies fail to include adequate information on their methodologies and datasets, making it difficult to appraise the reliability of their conclusions. Given the primary purpose of this literature—to provide policy guidance on effective ways to promote livelihoods—this silence is particularly concerning. As such, there is a strong case to be made for a restrained and nuanced handling of such interventions in conflict‐affected settings.     

一个公平的多方的不可否认协议

公平的不可否认协议解决了电子商务中信息传输的互相否认问题，使通信各方处于平等的位置。协议对各方都是公平的。该协议是基于组加密方法的，由可靠的第三方产生不可否认证据，数据交互次数少，高效实用。     

Climate change and transdisciplinary science: Problematizing the integration imperative

In this article we critically examine the ‘integration imperative’ in transdisciplinary environmental science and build on social constructivist and political theories to suggest alternative approaches of knowledge co-production in transdisciplinary settings. Our argument builds upon a body of literature in social studies of science to cull insights about knowledge co-production, social learning, and the ecology of team science, particularly as it relates to climate change adaptation. Couched in this transdisciplinary literature, we demonstrate, is the assumption that integration necessarily can and should be a regulative ideal. We critique this assumption by examining the ‘messy’ politics of achieving consensus among radically different, and sometimes irreconcilable, ways of knowing. We argue that the integration imperative conceals the friction, antagonism, and power inherent in knowledge co-production, which in turn can exclude innovative and experimental ways of understanding and adapting to climate change. By way of conclusion, the final section explores three alternative models of knowledge co-production – triangulation, the multiple evidence-based approach, and scenario building – and illustrates their application in the context of transdisciplinary research in climate change adaptation in the arctic, focusing on alternative means of cross-boundary engagement with indigenous ways of knowing.     

基于证据理论的煤矿瓦斯涌出组合预测

为提高煤矿瓦斯涌出量预测的准确度,引入证据理论组合预测方法。根据瓦斯涌出量及其主要影响因素间的实验数据,采用3个不同的粒子群神经网络模型对涌出量进行初步预测。并由BP、RBF网络对预测误差及预测点的影响因素进行分析建模,以获取每个模型的可信度。再利用证据理论对其进行合成,确定组合模型的权值,最终实现对瓦斯涌出量的组合预测。实例结果表明,该组合预测方法的平均绝对误差、均方误差分别为18.5%、5.8%,均小于神经网络组合法及等权平均法的相应预测误差,适用于煤矿瓦斯涌出量预测。     

基于改进型AHP与证据理论的应答器系统风险评估

为了科学客观地对应答器系统进行风险评估,规避评估过程中的主观性和不确定性,提出了一种基于改进型AHP与证据理论的评估方法。首先识别系统的风险因素,采用改进型AHP法确定风险因素的权重;然后依据权重将模糊子集引入证据体空间,并加入模糊概率,将专家的模糊描述转换为定量描述,利用证据理论合成规则得到系统风险的mass函数值。最后,以应答器系统为例进行风险评估,结果表明,该方法的评估结果与实际情况基本吻合,验证了该方法的可靠性和有效性。     

基于博弈赋权物元和证据理论的无线闭塞中心风险评估*

为客观地对无线闭塞中心进行风险评估,建立基于博弈赋权物元和证据理论的评估模型,根据故障树分析法识别的风险因子构建评估指标体系,采用博弈论思想对直觉模糊层次分析法计算的主观权重和熵权法计算的客观权重进行最优组合,进而确定综合权重。运用物元理论和证据理论确定各指标的风险等级和系统整体风险等级,并通过实例分析对评估模型进行对比验证。结果表明:无线闭塞中心整体风险等级为“可容许的”,与实际情况相符。其中,系统外部通信故障的风险等级为“不期望的”,需要对其相关设备加强风险控制。     

苏通大桥结构健康状态评估技术研究与应用(3):主梁损伤定位

为提高基于模态参数的损伤识别方法的损伤敏感性和噪声鲁棒性,将多源数据融合技术引入到苏通大桥主梁损伤定位方法中。基于D-S证据理论对模态柔度和模态应变能指标进行数据融合,并以苏通大桥扁平钢箱梁为分析对象,对融合后损伤定位指标的应用效果进行了讨论。结果表明:基于数据融合的损伤定位方法具有较强的损伤敏感性,只需要较少的低阶模态信息就能识别主梁的早期损伤;数据融合后,损伤定位指标可以在较强的噪声环境下准确地识别斜拉桥钢箱梁的损伤,具有较好的工程实用性。     

基于金相分析技术的煤矿火灾事故调查试验研究

通过对矿井火灾现场特性的分析,根据金属材料的特点,提出利用金相鉴定技术进行矿井火灾事故调查的新方法,试验测定得出高温作用下40号钢和铸铁的金相组织和硬度的动态变化规律。试验结果表明,不同加热温度条件下,40号钢冷却后具有不同的金相组织,其硬度随受热温度的升高迅速下降;在相同加热温度不同受热时间条件下,40号钢的金相组织与硬度变化不明显。铸铁的硬度随加热时间的增加呈下降趋势,其金相组织也有较明显的区别。根据矿井火灾后降温较为缓慢的特点,提出灰口铸铁与白口铸铁相互转变的方向性。因此,矿井火灾事故调查可以对受到火灾破坏的金属构件的金相组织的观察和硬度测定,来"反推"出该部位在火灾时曾受过的最高温度以及持续时间,从而可推断火灾的蔓延情况,为认定起火原因和起火位置提供技术支持。