STREAM TEMPERATURE ESTIMATION FROM AIR TEMPERATURE1

ABSTRACT: Air temperatures are sometimes used as substitutes for stream temperatures. To examine the errors associated with this procedure, linear relationships between stream temperatures, T, and air temperatures, T_a, recorded for 11 streams in the central U.S. (Mississippi River basin) were analyzed. Weather stations were an average 42 miles (range 0 to 144 miles) from the rivers. The general equations, T_w= 5.0 + 0.75 T_a and T_w= 2.9 + 0.86 T_a with temperatures in °C, were derived for daily and weekly water temperatures, respectively, for the 11 streams studied. The simulations had a standard deviation between measurements and predictions of 2.7°C (daily) and 2.1°C (weekly). Equations derived for each specific stream individually gave lower standard deviations, i.e., 2.1°C and 1.4°C, respectively. Small, shallow streams had smaller deviations than large, deep rivers. The measured water temperatures follow the air temperatures closely with some time lag. time lags ranged from hours to days, increasing with stream depth. Taking into account these time lags improved the daily temperature predictions slightly. Periods of ice cover were excluded from the analysis.     

Cu2+对栅藻和鱼腥藻增殖的影响

通过藻类增长潜力(AGP)实验,研究了铜离子浓度对2种淡水浮游藻类增殖的影响.结果显示,当Cu2 质量浓度为0.001～0.100 mg·L-1时,能促进斜生栅藻增殖; Cu2 质量浓度为1.000～100.000 mg·L-1时,对斜生栅藻产生不同程度的毒性效应.当Cu2 质量浓度为0.001～0.010 mg·L-1时,会促进鱼腥藻增殖; Cu2 质量浓度为0.100～100.000 mg·L-1时,会对鱼腥藻产生不同程度的毒性效应.当Cu2 浓度为0.001～0.100 mg·L-1时,斜生栅藻和鱼腥藻细胞经过2 d的调整期,从生理上适应了新环境并进入对数增长期; Cu2 浓度达到1.000 mg·L-1时则需经4 d的调整期才能进入对数增长期,到14 d时2种藻细胞的密度仍在增加.对栅藻和鱼腥藻细胞密度的平均比增长率比较显示,斜生栅藻对Cu2 毒性效应的耐受力大于鱼腥藻.结果表明,在淡水水体中,微量的Cu2 有利于浮游藻类增殖,能够增进水体的富营养程度; Cu2 浓度超过1.000 mg·L-1时对浮游藻类的繁殖与生长有抑制或毒害作用; 过量的Cu2 还可能会导致食物链的破坏与水源的污染.因此,在使用硫酸铜杀藻时应注意其用量与使用次数可能会对水体造成的影响.     

官厅水库水体中微囊藻毒素及其与微囊藻细胞密度相关性研究

2004-2005年对连年发生比较严重水华的官厅水库进行了2 a的浮游植物动态监测,并在2005年6-8月应用酶联免疫吸附法检测了主要水华藻类--铜绿微囊藻藻毒素质量浓度及其季节变化,初步探讨了微囊藻毒素质量浓度与铜绿微囊藻细胞密度之间的关系.实验结果表明,水库中的浮游植物细胞密度高,2004年平均值为1 308.35×104 cells/L,2005年达1 599.49×104 cells/L,同时呈现出明显的季节变化,在夏末秋初形成高峰.产毒的铜绿微囊藻为夏季最主要的优势水华种类,其细胞密度在7月达到最高,为4 748.58×104 cells/L;微囊藻毒素的质量浓度在7月亦达到最高值,为20 μg/L,都显著高于6月和8月(p＜0.05).水体中微囊藻毒素质量浓度与微囊藻细胞密度呈正相关关系(R=0.926).其结果为全面了解官厅水库水质状况以及对水污染进行治理,恢复其饮用水源的功能提供了科学依据.     

AN ANALYSIS OF SEASONAL FECAL COLIFORM LEVELS IN THE TCHEFUNCTE RWER1

ABSTRACT: A model for estimating seasonal fecal coliform concentrations in the Tchefuncte River as a function of river discharge was developed. Data on fecal coliform concentration were obtained from the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals and were available for a period of 15 years (1975 through 1992) from three locations. Stream flow data were obtained from a gaging station of the U. S. Geological Survey at Folsom, Louisiana. These data were available for 49 years (1943 through 1991). The climate of the area is characterized by different precipitation/runoff mechanisms for the summer and winter seasons. The division for seasons used in this analysis was May through October (summer season), and November through April (winter season). Because of the combined effects of climatic mechanisms causing precipitation and the seasonal variation of evapotranspiration, runoff is greater in the winter season resulting in higher fecal coliform counts in the Tchefuncte River. Statistical analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between fecal coliform concentration and discharge for each season, at each of three sites on the Tchefuncte River.     

JUVENILE BLUEBACK HERRING (ALOSA AESTIVALIS) SURVIVAL VIA TURBINE AND SPILLWAY1

ABSTRACT: The 48 h survival of emigrating juvenile blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) was estimated at 96 ± 6.7 percent in passage through a Kaplan-type turbine and at 88.3 ± 10.7 percent (90 percent confidence interval) over a spillway (3.7 m high and spillage of 1.2 m³/s) of a low-head hydro darn (8.3 m). These results suggest that diversion of juvenile alosids over spillways may not be assumed to be a totally benign strategy without obtaining site-specific data. A remarkable similarity in survival rates of fish observed through turbine routes in this study and others suggests that these trends may be common. However, due to a lack of sufficient data, such a conclusion cannot be made for survival over spillways.     

PROCESS DOMAINS AND THE RIVER CONTINUUM1

ABSTRACT: The concept of process domains is proposed as an alternative to the River Continuum Concept for the influence of geomorphic processes on aquatic ecosystems. Broadly defined, the Process Domain Concept is a multi-scale hypothesis that spatial variability in geomorphic processes governs temporal patterns of disturbances that influence ecosystem structure and dynamics. At a coarse scale, regional climate, geolog vegetation, and topography control the suite of geomorphic processes that are distributed over a landscape. Within the broad context so defined, stream channel classification can guide identification of functionally similar portions of a channel network, but the response of otherwise similar reaches can depend upon their geologic and geomorphic context. Within geomorphic provinces defined by differences in topography, climate history, and tectonic setting, areas with generally similar geology and topography define lithotopo units, which are useful for stratifying different suites of dominant geomorphic processes. Process domains are spatially identifiable areas characterized by distinct suites of geomorphic processes, and the Process Domain Concept implies that channel networks can be divided into discrete regions in which community structure and dynamics respond to distinctly different disturbance regimes. The concepts of process domains and lithotopo units provide both a framework for the application of patch dynamics concepts to complex landscapes and a context for addressing the effects of watershed processes on the ecology of mountain drainage basins.     

GRASS VERSUS TREES: MANAGING RIPARIAN AREAS TO BENEFIT STREAMS OF CENTRAL NORTH AMERICA1

ABSTRACT: Forestation of riparian areas has long been promoted to restore stream ecosystems degraded by agriculture in central North America. Although trees and shrubs in the riparian zone can provide many benefits to streams, grassy or herbaceous riparian vegetation can also provide benefits and may be more appropriate in some situations. Here we review some of the positive and negative implications of grassy versus wooded riparian zones and discuss potential management outcomes. Compared to wooded areas, grassy riparian areas result in stream reaches with different patterns of bank stability, erosion, channel morphology, cover for fish, terrestrial runoff, hydrology, water temperature, organic matter inputs, primary production, aquatic macroinvertebrates, and fish. Of particular relevance in agricultural regions, grassy riparian areas may be more effective in reducing bank erosion and trapping suspended sediments than wooded areas. Maintenance of grassy riparian vegetation usually requires active management (e.g., mowing, burning, herbicide treatments, and grazing), as successional processes will tend ultimately to favor woody vegetation. Riparian agricultural practices that promote a dense, healthy, grassy turf, such as certain types of intensively managed livestock grazing, have potential to restore degraded stream ecosystems.     

On the Classification of Aquatic Communities: An Example of Zooplanktonic Cenoses of Karst Lakes in the North of European Russia

Nine lakes in the Arkhangelsk oblast were analyzed with respect to their morphometry, hydrology, and hydrochemistry, and their zooplankton was studied for three years. The data on zooplankton abundance, biomass, the ratio of filter-feeders and predators, the Shannon index of species diversity, and average individual weight of zooplankters were obtained. Differences in the structure of zooplanktonic cenoses were revealed in lakes differing in morphometric parameters, prevailing ions (HCO₃ ^–, SO₄ ^2–), and their concentration.     

URBANIZATION,FLOOD FREQUENCY,AND SALMON ABUNDANCE IN PUGET LOWLAND STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Urbanization history and flood frequencies were determined in six low-order streams in the Puget Lowlands, Washington, for the period between the 1940150s and the 1980190s. Using discharge records from USGS gauging stations, each basin was separated into periods prior to and after urban expansion. Four of the study basins exhibited significant changes in urbanized area, whereas two of the study basins exhibited only limited change in urbanized area and effectively serve as control basins. Each of the basins that experienced a significant increase in urbanized area exhibited increased flood frequency; pre-urbanization 10-year recurrence interval discharges correspond to 1 to 4-year recurrence interval events in post-urbanization records. In contrast, no discernible shift in flood frequency was observed in either of the control basins. Spawner survey data available for three of the study basins reveal systematic declines in salmon abundance in two urbanizing basins and no evidence for decreases in a control basin. These data imply a link between ongoing salmon population declines and either increased flood frequency or associated changes in habitat structure.