Method optimization to measure polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in soils of Bratislava, Slovakia

We modified an analytical method to determine polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in urban soils of Bratislava (Slovakia). Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) introduced as a clean-up step for soil extracts substantially reduced matrix enhancements when PBDEs were measured with gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS). The resulting method proved to be accurate, precise, and showed low detection limits. The sum of 15 PBDE concentrations in surface horizons of Bratislava soils ranged from 87 to 627 pg g⁻¹. PBDE concentrations were mostly higher in surface than deeper horizons probably because of atmospheric deposition and lack of substantial vertical transport. Lower brominated PBDEs undergo more soil-atmosphere exchanges or are more scavenged and transferred with litter fall to the soil organic matter than higher brominated ones as suggested by the correlation between lower brominated PBDEs and soil organic C (C_org) concentrations.     

纳滤膜深度处理棉针织品印染废水

采用芳香聚酰胺膜(NF-1#)、复合膜(NF-2#)和聚酰胺复合膜(NF-3#)深度处理棉针织品印染废水,考察了膜分离性能及膜污染情况的影响因素。实验结果表明,在操作压力为0.5MPa、废水温度为25~35℃、废水pH为7的条件下,NF-1#膜处理效果最佳,COD去除率最高,为76.0%~85.0%;脱盐率也最高,达90.0%。膜过滤后浓水送污水厂处理,产水回用于车间生产。操作压力增高、废水温度升高和废水pH增大均导致滤饼层阻力(Rc)和膜过滤过程中的总阻力(Rt)增加,Rc是Rt的主要组成部分,同时也是导致膜透过通量下降的主要因素。     

Method of Testing the Penetration of Acid Solutions Through Safety Gloves

Because they cause burns that are difficult to heal, acids are dangerous, and steps should be taken to ensure that the human skin does not come into contact with them. For this purpose safety gloves are generally used by workers who have to handle acids. Such gloves need to be tested to ensure that they are acid resistant. Standard EN 374 (European Committee for Standardization [CEN], 1993c) specifies a method of testing the permeation of liquid chemicals, on a molecular level, through glove material, but it may be difficult to ensure the fitness of the joints of a two-compartment cell, when gloves are lined with jersey. To deal with this a simple pH-meter method to test the permeation of acid and alkali solutions through safety gloves has been developed. The permeation of H₂S0₄, HCI, HN0₃, and CH₃COOH through gloves made from neoprene, nitrile, and PVC was tested. This method seems to be simple and economical.     

PRB技术修复铬污染地下水的试验研究

以铬污染地下水为研究对象,用零价铁作为反应介质设计了可渗透反应墙(PRB),对零价铁处理铬污染地下水的处理效果和长期稳定性进行了研究。对不同粒径的铁粉处理效果进行对比,发现铁粉粒径越小,处理效果越好。用铁粉作为PRB反应介质,对PRB处理铬污染地下水的长期稳定性进行了研究。试验结果表明,采用Fe0-PRB原位技术处理铬污染地下水,铁粉粒径越小处理废水的水质越好,但介质粒径越小,反应器渗透系数越小,处理水量显著减少;且铁粉在处理含铬废水时生成了大量的难溶化合物,容易造成填料堵塞,导致铁粉利用效率不高。因此有必要研制铁粉复合填料,增大填料的渗透性,提高填料处理含铬废水时铁粉的利用效率。     

The Role of Organic Matter in Natural Aquatic Systems: Analytical Constraints

The dissolved organic matter in aquatic systems consists of a heterogeneous mixture of compounds with wide ranging chemical properties and diverse origins. the presence of organic matter (OM) in surface and ground waters has important implications with regard to the mobility and therefore fate of many potential organic and inorganic pollutants. the majority of the analytical approaches in current use require exhaustive pre-treatment steps which may lead to the formation of artefacts within the sample. an analytical technique based upon gel permeation chromatography is proposed as a more reliable procedure for the characterisation of naturally occurring dissolved organic matter.     

渗透管法芥子气气体发生方法研究

本文研究了芥子气气体发生的一种方法——渗透管法。在自制芥子气渗透管的基础上,研究了渗透管法发生的可行性、稳定性以及温度对膜渗透速率的影响。     

花山岩画渗水病害机理及环境治理对策

根据花山岩画区的水文地质与工程地质条件,分析了渗水病害的类型、危害及其形成机理。按水在崖壁上的运移方式将花山岩画的渗水病害分为裂隙渗水和面流水,着重分析了它们各自的危害和机理,提出了防渗堵漏、建立地表排水系统、修建立壁遮挡檐等防治对策。     

快速溶剂萃取-凝胶净化-高效液相色谱法测定土壤中6种邻苯二甲酸酯

建立一种快速溶剂萃取(ASE)-凝胶净化(GPC)-高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定土壤中6种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的方法。土壤样品经二氯甲烷-丙酮(体积比为1∶1)快速溶剂萃取后,过Bio-Beads SX-3凝胶层析柱净化,收集12~28 min的GPC洗脱液,并进行HPLC-DAD检测分析。通过分段收集,消除了土壤中共存的16种多环芳烃在225 nm紫外波长下对6种PAEs测定的干扰。采用ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C_(18)(150×4.6 mm,5μm)反相色谱柱,以乙腈-水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1 mL/min。结果表明,6种PAEs的线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.999 9,方法检出限为2.7~11.5μg/kg,精密度的相对标准偏差为1.5%~9.5%,加标回收率为66.5%~102%。该方法适用于含多环芳烃的土壤中PAEs的准确测定。     

离子色谱分析法用于化学防护服材料渗透性能检测的研究

渗透性能是化学防护服最重要的防护性能指标之一。本文采用PTC200型渗透测试池、蠕动泵、超滤装置和离子色谱分析仪,构建了测试化学防护服渗透性能的装置,并利用该装置对一系列化学防护服面料对浓硫酸和NaOH溶液的渗透性能进行了检测。结果表明,利用该装置可以方便准确地实现服装面料渗透性能测试,是一种具有重要应用价值的检测方法。该方法的开发为规范我们国家化学防护服装及相关产品防护性能检测方式,提高检测结果的准确度和一致性,具有重要的意义。     

加速溶剂萃取-凝胶净化色谱-气相色谱质谱法测定农用地土壤中有机氯农药方法研究

通过对加速溶剂萃取、平行蒸发及净化方法等环节的优化实验,建立了加速溶剂萃取-凝胶净化色谱-气相色谱质谱法测定农用地土壤中23种有机氯农药的检测方法。结果表明,方法检出限为0.0034~0.0052 mg/kg;对化合物质量分数为0.25 mg/kg的土壤加标样品进行平行实验,回收率为82.0%~93.7%;测定结果的相对标准偏差（RSD）≤8.7%。对土壤有证标准质控样品进行分析,测定结果均在验收范围之内。该方法准确可靠,灵敏度较高,样品净化效果较好,能够满足农用地土壤中有机氯农药残留痕量分析的要求。