Efficient dechlorination of chlorinated solvent pollutants under UV irradiation by using the synthesized TiO2 nano-sheets in aqueous phase

Titanium dioxide(TiO2), which is the widely used photo-catalyst, has been synthesized by simple hydrothermal solution containing tetrabutyl titanate and hydrofluoric acid. The synthesized product has been applied to photo-degradation in aqueous phase of chlorinated solvents, namely tetrachloroethene(PCE), trichloroethene(TCE) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane(TCA). The photo-degradation results revealed that the degradation of these harmful chemicals was better in UV/synthesized TiO2 system compared to UV/commercial P25 system and UV only system. The photo-catalytic efficiency of the synthesized TiO2 was 1.4, 1.8 and 3.0 folds higher compared to the commercial P25 for TCA, TCE and PCE degradation, respectively. Moreover, using nitrobenzene(NB) as a probe of hydroxyl radical(.OH), the degradation rate was better over UV/synthesized TiO2, suggesting the high concentration of.OH generated in UV/synthesized TiO2system. In addition,.OH concentration was confirmed by the strong peak displayed in EPR analysis over UV/synthesized TiO2system. The characterization result using XRD and TEM showed that the synthesized TiO2 was in anatase form and consisted of well-defined sheet-shaped structures having a rectangular outline with a thickness of 4 nm, side length of 50 nm and width of 33 nm and a surface 90.3 m2/g. XPS analysis revealed that ≡Ti-F bond was formed on the surface of the synthesized TiO2. The above results on both photocatalytic activity and the surface analysis demonstrated the good applicability of the synthesized TiO2 nano-sheets for the remediation of chlorinated solvent contaminated groundwater.     

水溶液中活性成分对壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚光降解的影响

采用长波紫外灯(UV365)和模拟日光灯研究光化学活性成分对水溶液中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPEOs)光降解效率的影响,并讨论了光降解导致NPEOs成分分布的变化.研究表明,在UV365辐射下,亚硝酸根,Fe(Ⅲ),H2O2和腐殖酸(HA)等的存在对NPEOs96h的降解效率有较明显的促进作用;在模拟日光下,Mn(Ⅱ),Fe(Ⅲ),H2O2等对NPEOs的光降解也有一定的促进,而此条件下HA的存在则表现为对光降解的抑制作用.此外,还考察了NPEOs在不同比例的Fe(Ⅲ)-HA和Fe(Ⅲ)-H2O2复合体系中的光降解效率.除了导致光降解效率的提高外,活性成分的存在也会导致降解后NPEOs成分分布的变化.以在UV365辐射下为例,H2O2(1000 μmol·l-1)或Fe(Ⅲ)(10和100 μmol·l-1)的加入使反应后短链NPEOs所占比例从初始的22.52%明显提高至29.75%,29.89%和51.89%.这种成分分布的变化可能是由于长链NPEOs在降解过程中发生EO链衰减,从而使短链NPEOs成为其降解中间产物;或是由于长链NPEOs比其短链同系物具有更高的敏化降解速率所导致的.     

Chemical degradation and biodegradability increase

The mill waste water holds a large amount of polyphenols, preventing the biodegradation processes because of their inhibitory action on microbial growth. Thus, its disposal represents an environmental problem for the great olive oil producing countries in the Mediterranean area. In this work, we present the preliminary results from the application of a photo-oxidative process on mill waste water to evaluate the organic matter degradation potential and the biodegradability of the treated residue. The total organic carbon is reduced up to 35% after 6 hours but the cost-effectiveness is unfavourable. In contrast, the aim of toxicity reduction is less expensive and shows good applicable chances; after 2 h, the polyphenols concentration drops by 60%.     

Carbonyl compound leaching from polyethylene terephthalate into bottled water under sunlight exposure

Polyethylene terephthalate bottles containing natural spring water were used to study the leaching effect of carbonyl compounds after one year storage under real conditions of exposure. Ultraviolet-B and ultraviolet-A spectra of direct sunlight were acquired during the experiment. Leaching of acetone, acetaldehyde, and formaldehyde reached steady state after 210 days of outdoor storage, with the following concentrations: 434 ± 22, 345 ± 18, and 94 ± 5 µg/L, respectively. The increase due to sunlight exposure in comparison with laboratory storage in the dark was around 10%, 16%, and 36%. The leaching process of all three carbonyl compounds was found to follow the first-order kinetics. Photo-degradation of Polyethylene terephthalate bottles and the appearance of carboxyl end-groups were followed by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectra. After 313 days of storage under direct sunlight, new peaks appeared in the regions of 1770–1920 cm^?1 and 1685–1490 cm^?1. Cations, anions, total dissolved solids, pH, and conductivity were also measured during the storage period. Additionally, microbiological measurements as well as statistical analyses were also carefully discussed.     

紫外光降解高浓度氯苯气体的研究

为评价紫外光降解作为高浓度挥发性有机物生物预处理的可行性,系统考察了其对高浓度氯苯气体的去除性能及其影响因素.所考察的影响因素包括紫外光波长、进口ρ(氯苯)、空塔停留时间和气体相对湿度等.结果表明:复合254和185 nm波长紫外光照射对氯苯的去除效果优于单一254 nm波长;紫外光降解反应器的进口ρ(氯苯)在2 300～2600 mg/m3,空塔停留时间为27 s时,对氯苯气体的去除率可达40%,继续延长空塔停留时间对氯苯去除率的提高作用有限;进口ρ(氯苯)在150～3 000 mg/m3时,氯苯去除速率随进口浓度单调增加,当高于3 000 mg/m3时,氯苯去除速率基本保持不变;增加气体相对湿度可以提高紫外光降解反应器对氯苯的去除效果.      

藻引发水中偶氮染料的光降解

随着染料工业的发展，染料废水污染也日益严重。目前各国学者也找到了很多处理水中有机物、治理染料废水的办法，但大多局限于腐殖质、过渡金属离子等非生命物质对染料溶液的光降解，本文研究了鱼腥藻、小球藻对几种偶氮染料的光降解情况，并探讨了影响藻对染料溶液光降解的因素。结果显示，pH＝3时，藻能引发水中染料产生明显的光降解，提高藻的浓度，增加光强，均能加快染料的光降解。本文可为利用水体生物资源治理染料废水提供借鉴和帮助。     

光和微生物降解对芦苇落叶溶解有机物与铅相互作用的影响

溶解有机物（DOM）是决定水环境中铅（Pb）的形态、环境行为和生态风险的重要因子.然而,落叶DOM与Pb（II）络合作用的调控机制尚不清楚.光和微生物降解是调控DOM含量、组成与活性的两个关键过程.本研究运用降解培养实验、光谱学表征和荧光猝灭滴定,考察光和微生物降解单独作用和共同作用对芦苇落叶DOM的改造及其对DOM与Pb（II）相互作用的影响.激发-发射三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析共识别出4个类腐殖质组分（C1~C4）和1个类蛋白质组分（C5）.类腐殖质组分更容易被光降解,类蛋白质组分则被微生物优先利用,光降解在短期的光-微生物降解过程中起主导作用.对于原始落叶DOM,Pb（II）主要与类腐殖质组分C1、C2和C4络合,C3组分只在光-微生物降解后的样品呈现显著荧光猝灭,类蛋白质组分C5在光和光-微生物降解后开始参与络合.类腐殖质C1与Pb（II）络合的条件稳定常数logK_M在光降解后升高而在光-微生物降解后下降,C2和C4的logK_M值经过各降解过程后均升高.降解后这3个组分参与络合的比例f和络合容量F_max·f均显著降低,且光降解的影响显著高于微生物降解.这些结果表明,光降解和微生物降解对DOM丰度、组成和结构的改造将显著影响其与金属离子的络合稳定性和络合容量.     

2-烯丙基苯酚在液相中的光化学降解研究

以太阳光和紫外灯为光源研究了 2 烯丙基苯酚在溶液相中的光化学降解 .太阳光下 ,2 烯丙基苯酚在甲醇、正己烷、重蒸水以及不同pH的缓冲溶液中的光稳定性很强 ,但在丙酮中可以光解 ,10 4mg·L-1 的 2 烯丙基苯酚在丙酮中的光解半衰期为 36 4h .核黄素、过氧化氢、三氯化铁能加快 2 烯丙基苯酚在水溶液中的光解速率 ,其中核黄素的敏化效果最显著 .在紫外光照下 ,2 烯丙基苯酚在各种溶剂中光解迅速 ,速率遵循一级动力学方程 ;水中溶解物质对其光解有一定的抑制作用 ;在pH=9的缓冲溶液中的光解速率 >pH =7的缓冲溶液中的光解速率 >pH =4的缓冲溶液中的光解速度 ;紫外光照 2h ,2 烯丙基苯酚在甲醇中的主要光降解产物经GC MS和LC MS鉴定为 :2 ,4 ,5 三羟基苯甲醛、邻羟基苯乙酸甲酯、对烯丙基苯酚、2 甲基苯并二氢呋喃     

环境中氟喹诺酮类抗生素残留检测和去除研究进展

环境样品中的氟喹诺酮类抗生素(FQs)残留浓度低,干扰因素复杂,其检测需要采用多个预处理步骤,固相萃取回收率和重现性好,在实际样品预处理中常采用。检测方法包括毛细管电泳分析法、酶联免疫吸附法以及LC与ECD、FLD、UV、MS联用等。毛细管电泳法速度快,敏度低,检出限高;酶联免疫吸附法检测速度快,但存在交叉反应。高效液相色谱联用质谱检测(HPLC-MS/MS)灵敏度高,选择性好,是比较理想的分析方法。FQs污染物降解方法包括污泥吸附、光降解和高级氧化。光降解和高级氧化技术成本较高,反应副产物可能存在环境风险。污泥颗粒吸附FQs效果好,吸附FQs后,污泥颗粒可通过高温碳化活化制备活性炭,使FQs在高温下得到较彻底降解的同时,实现污泥的资源化利用,是较具前景的去除FQs的方法。     

茜素绿的微波无极紫外光降解及产物分析

以茜素绿为研究对象,探讨了蒽醌类染料在微波无极紫外灯光辐射下的降解行为。结果表明,茜素绿的脱色反应符合一级反应动力学规律,反应120 min后COD和TOC的去除率分别为65.79%和60.98%;采用荧光色谱仪和电子顺磁共振仪检测到降解过程中羟基自由基和超氧自由基为主要活性物种;利用红外光谱仪、离子色谱仪和电子喷雾质谱仪分析了反应过程中的中间产物;采用电喷雾等技术和离子色谱测定了茜素绿降解的中间产物,并推断了茜素绿微波紫外光降解可能的历程;采用大肠杆菌和锦鲤对溶液进行了生物毒性检测与评价,由于中间产物的产生降解溶液的毒性先升后降。