矿用救生舱内二氧化碳净化特性研究

煤矿救生舱是在矿井下发生事故后保护被困矿工生存、等待救援的密闭舱室设备。在救援过程中,二氧化碳的处理是舱内空气净化系统的一项主要功能。本文对救生舱内二氧化碳净化装置的功率、吸收效率、药剂床层厚度等因素进行了一系列试验,确定了救生舱二氧化碳的最优净化方式,并通过救生舱内真人生存试验对其进行了验证。最终得出救生舱内处理二氧化碳最佳反应条件为:药剂量20kg,最佳功率为100W;间歇式工作的运行时间与停机时间比例为2:3;在救生舱内8人生存模拟实验中,得出8kg药剂可供8人使用6.1h,平均吸收速率为1.34L/min。     

救生舱高温环境的传热研究

为提高救生舱热防护能力,延长救援时间,在空载状态下救生舱热载荷研究的基础上,提出救援状态下救生舱外部传热热负荷的量化方法。已知救援状态下救生舱内、外温度随时间变化曲线,拟合温度函数。依据温度变化特点划分区间,积分求取各区间上温度平均值,计算温差,由传热方程计算救援状态下救生舱的热载荷。以某型号救生舱载人综合防护试验为例,根据模拟灾变环境的温度变化特点,运用该方法计算最高温度与常态温度下外部高温空气向舱体及其内部空间传热的热载荷,得到救生舱的总热负荷,外部传热最大传热功率及救生舱热载荷负荷范围。     

Effects of pond salinization on survival rate of amphibian hosts infected with the chytrid fungus

The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been implicated in the decline and extinction of amphibian populations worldwide, but management options are limited. Recent studies show that sodium chloride (NaCl) has fungicidal properties that reduce the mortality rates of infected hosts in captivity. We investigated whether similar results can be obtained by adding salt to water bodies in the field. We increased the salinity of 8 water bodies to 2 or 4 ppt and left an additional 4 water bodies with close to 0 ppt and monitored salinity for 18 months. Captively bred tadpoles of green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea) were released into each water body and their development, levels of B. dendrobatidis infection, and survival were monitored at 1, 4, and 12 months. The effect of salt on the abundance of nontarget organisms was also investigated in before and after style analyses. Salinities remained constant over time with little intervention. Hosts in water bodies with 4 ppt salt had a significantly lower prevalence of chytrid infection and higher survival, following metamorphosis, than hosts in 0 ppt salt. Tadpoles in the 4 ppt group were smaller in length after 1 month in the release site than those in the 0 and 2 ppt groups, but after metamorphosis body size in all water bodies was similar . In water bodies with 4 ppt salt, the abundance of dwarf tree frogs (Litoria fallax), dragonfly larvae, and damselfly larvae was lower than in water bodies with 0 and 2 ppt salt, which could have knock‐on effects for community structure. Based on our results, salt may be an effective field‐based B. dendrobatidis mitigation tool for lentic amphibians that could contribute to the conservation of numerous susceptible species. However, as in all conservation efforts, these benefits need to be weighed against negative effects on both target and nontarget organisms.     

应急避难场地“就近布置”规划原则探讨

通过对避难行为、避难需求的相关调查,对现有"就近布置"避难场地的规划原则进行了深入分析和研究,对"近"提出了"时间距离近"和"空间距离近"的两重涵义;在此基础上认为不同类型应急避难场地在布局上对"近"的要求应区别对待;该原则可进一步表述为"服务半径基础之上与人口密度、通达路径相对应,就近布置"。     

国外矿用应急救生舱技术现状

在南非、澳大利亚等矿业发达国家,应急避难室(救生舱)是一种重要的井下应急救援装备,用于在矿井事故发生后保护被困矿工,等待救援。本文对国外现有救生舱产品进行了深入的调研,对救生舱内氧气供应、有害气体去除、空气调节、环境监测、动力供应、附属装备等各主要系统的运行原理和技术指标进行了详细介绍,为分析国外救生舱技术研究现状和研发我国矿井救生舱产品提供参数依据和指导。     

中国污染密集型产业地理分布研究

随着资源环境约束加强,调整产业结构、优化产业空间布局已成为我国经济发展的战略选择。产业空间格局重置过程中,污染密集型产业的转移成为一个迫切需要研究的问题。论文利用2003-2008 年工业企业普查数据,采用Tobit 模型和Heckman 两阶段模型,探讨污染密集型产业地理分布的特征。论文发现,我国污染密集型产业正在进行空间结构调整,长江三角洲、珠江三角洲、京津冀地区污染密集产业不断转出,山东及中部地区开始成为污染密集型产业新的集聚地;造纸等较为轻型产业主要向中部内陆等地区转移,而化学原料及化学制品业等技术密集型产业则更主要在沿海地带重新分布。另外,要素禀赋、环境规制以及全球化对污染密集型产业分布影响显著。其中,技术以及劳动力成本是污染企业区位选择的重要影响因素;受全球化的影响,国际市场潜力对污染企业区位影响更为重要;环境规制与污染企业的成立具有倒U型关系;最后,企业的异质性对于污染企业地理分布也具有显著的影响。文章启示,在产业转移过程中,需要适当的政策引导以最小化对生态环境的破坏。     

矿井避难硐室防护系统研究

根据避难硐室的防护功能,确定防护系统由防火防爆、密闭、供氧、制冷除湿、监测监控、动力、通讯、定位、照明、医疗、食品、水、卫生几大系统组成;通过理论分析,确定防火防爆密闭系统抗爆压力影响因素为反射压力、入射压力、静压载荷、门体材料及安全系数;通过计算,可得100人避难硐室压风供氧系统总供风量不得低于36m3/min,其他供氧方式的最小供氧量不得低于60L/min。为避难硐室防护系统研究提供了科学依据及可靠数据,为矿井紧急避险系统的研究奠定了基础。     

Emissions trading of global and local pollutants, pollution havens and free riding

In the presence of local (sulfur) and global (carbon) pollutants, we examine the pollution haven hypothesis and free riding behavior. Under domestic emissions trading, poorer Southern countries become pollution havens when free trade opens up whenever sulfur damage functions are linear or when sulfur levels in equilibrium are not higher in the South. With global trading of carbon permits, the pollution haven effect emerges in equilibrium whenever the convex sulfur damage functions are nonlinear. Countries that do not participate in a Global Protocol designed to reduce carbon emissions enjoy double benefits, stemming from free riding and cleaner local environments.     

抚顺市生活垃圾管理现状及对策探讨

文中系统分析了抚顺市固体废物的收运及处理现状。并对其对策进行了讨论。认为抚顺市应立足现实，完善固体废物管理体系；对固体废物分类收集。以源头控制为主，并逐步改进现有的较为单一的卫生填埋、堆放技术；尝试应用多种先进的综合处理新技术，改变传统的思维模式，加快固体废物处理市场化、产业化的步伐。走可持续发展之道路。