某型飞机外翼5—8肋损伤原因分析及修复探讨

目的 分析某型飞机外翼5—8肋油箱区结构不同程度损伤的原因,制定修复方案。方法采用受载分析、有限元仿真计算、静力试验数据分析等强度计算方法分析损伤产生的原因,采用扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜对磨痕形貌进行观测等失效分析,对损伤结构件开展失效模式分析,根据损伤原因及失效模式制定科学简便的修复方案,同时对损伤长桁采取的修补措施进行强度校核。结果 通过对外翼油箱充压破坏理论分析、有限元仿真计算、静力试验数据反推,并结合飞机实际损伤情况,得出油箱破坏理论分析危险薄弱部位与真实破坏情况一致的结论。有限元仿真计算最危险结构部位与实际结构首先发生破坏部位吻合,可作为深入制定修复方案及推测实际加载压力的依据。通过静力试验数据反推、结构实际损伤及有限元仿真计算结论得出,外翼5—8肋结构出现损伤时油箱施加压力约0.5 MPa,针对损伤制定了更换外翼油箱内部第5—8肋损伤结构和贴补加强损伤长桁的修理方案,经结构强度校核,满足设计要求。结论 分析认为外翼5—8肋油箱区结构损伤原因为油箱压力超过设计值导致结构过载断裂,采用贴补加强修理损伤长桁和更换第5—8肋损伤结构的修复方案能够满足强度设计要求,可指导同类飞机类似结构损伤故障的原因分析和修理,提醒同类飞机维修人员在飞机维护时应关注外翼油箱压力超压问题。     

Injuries in Full-Scale Vehicle Side Impact Moving Deformable Barrier and Pole Tests Using Postmortem Human Subjects

Objective: To conduct near-side moving deformable barrier (MDB) and pole tests with postmortem human subjects (PMHS) in full-scale modern vehicles, document and score injuries, and examine the potential for angled chest loading in these tests to serve as a data set for dummy biofidelity evaluations and computational modeling.

Methods: Two PMHS (outboard left front and rear seat occupants) for MDB and one PMHS (outboard left front seat occupant) for pole tests were used. Both tests used sedan-type vehicles from same manufacturer with side airbags. Pretest x-ray and computed tomography (CT) images were obtained. Three-point belt-restrained surrogates were positioned in respective outboard seats. Accelerometers were secured to T1, T6, and T12 spines; sternum and pelvis; seat tracks; floor; center of gravity; and MDB. Load cells were used on the pole. Biomechanical data were gathered at 20 kHz. Outboard and inboard high-speed cameras were used for kinematics. X-rays and CT images were taken and autopsy was done following the test. The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2005 scoring scheme was used to score injuries.

Results: MDB test: male (front seat) and female (rear seat) PMHS occupant demographics: 52 and 57 years, 177 and 166 cm stature, 78 and 65 kg total body mass. Demographics of the PMHS occupant in the pole test: male, 26 years, 179 cm stature, and 84 kg total body mass. Front seat PMHS in MDB test: 6 near-side rib fractures (AIS = 3): 160–265 mm vertically from suprasternal notch and 40–80 mm circumferentially from center of sternum. Left rear seat PMHS responded with multiple bilateral rib fractures: 9 on the near side and 5 on the contralateral side (AIS = 3). One rib fractured twice. On the near and contralateral sides, fractures were 30–210 and 20–105 mm vertically from the suprasternal notch and 90–200 and 55–135 mm circumferentially from the center of sternum. A fracture of the left intertrochanteric crest occurred (AIS = 3). Pole test PMHS had one near-side third rib fracture. Thoracic accelerations of the 2 occupants were different in the MDB test. Though both occupants sustained positive and negative x-accelerations to the sternum, peak magnitudes and relative changes were greater for the rear than the front seat occupant. Magnitudes of the thoracic and sternum accelerations were lower in the pole test.

Conclusions: This is the first study to use PMHS occupants in MDB and pole tests in the same recent model year vehicles with side airbag and head curtain restraints. Injuries to the unilateral thorax for the front seat PMHS in contrast to the bilateral thorax and hip for the rear seat occupant in the MDB test indicate the effects of impact on the seating location and restraint system. Posterolateral locations of fractures to the front seat PMHS are attributed to constrained kinematics of occupant interaction with torso side airbag restraint system. Angled loading to the rear seat occupant from coupled sagittal and coronal accelerations of the sternum representing anterior thorax loading contributed to bilateral fractures. Inward bending initiated by the distal femur complex resulting in adduction of ipsilateral lower extremity resulted in intertrochanteric fracture to the rear seat occupant. These results serve as a data set for evaluating the biofidelity of the WorldSID and federalized side impact dummies and assist in validating human body computational models, which are increasingly used in crashworthiness studies.     

考虑爆裂影响的钢筋混凝土梁火灾温度场数值分析

为了描述混凝土高温爆裂对构件热传导过程的影响,结合钢筋混凝土梁火灾试验,考虑爆裂时间和区域的不确定性,建立了火灾下钢筋混凝土梁数值分析模型,分析爆裂深度、爆裂面积比、爆裂位置等爆裂参数对梁跨中截面温度场的影响规律。研究结果表明:当钢筋混凝土梁发生受火爆裂,梁截面的温度显著升高,并随爆裂深度的增大而进一步增强;爆裂面积比对截面温度场影响不显著,当爆裂深度、爆裂位置一定,爆裂面积比增加达到13%左右时,截面温度场基本上不再变化;爆裂深度、爆裂面积比一定,梁跨中爆裂对截面温度场影响最大,但是底部纵筋处温度较顶部纵筋处温度升高较快。     

剥落型矿柱与早强胶结充填体相互作用损伤演化分

为了研究矿柱底部严重剥落形成的上宽下窄型矿柱与早强胶结充填体的相互作用,进行了现场地质调查,选用石蜡模拟早强胶结充填体进行室内试验,同时进行数值模型的构建和试验模拟研究。试验结果表明:在加载过程中,破坏主要发生在矿岩中,石蜡充填体由于具有较强的变形能力,没有明显的破坏裂纹;矿岩中的裂纹主要沿矿岩和充填体接触面进行延展,直至延伸至临空面破坏;试样表壁的石蜡薄层表征显示在加载过程中,在试样表壁大的裂纹带附近伴随小裂纹产生。通过相关研究,厘清剥落型矿柱与早强充填体的相互作用机理及破坏规律,以便开展针对性的矿柱补强,确保充填采场安全稳定。     

混杂纤维混凝土高温性能研究

根据近年来对纤维混凝土高温性能的试验研究,分析了纤维对混凝土高温性能的影响,探讨了纤维混凝土在高温下的力学性能及合理的纤维掺量,以期为今后混杂纤维混凝土的高温性能研究及其应用起到指导作用。     

转轴弯曲模的设计

设计了一种防止回弹和提高制件刚性的转轴弯曲模,阐述了其模具结构及工作过程。     

某型飞机机翼下壁板整体油箱端5肋结构选型疲劳寿命研究

目的研究某型飞机机翼下壁板整体油箱端5肋结构的选型疲劳寿命。方法在结构选型设计时初步确定长桁连续和长桁断开两种结构形式的基础上,采用静力试验与疲劳试验方法对这两种结构模拟件进行对比试验验证。结果两种结构模拟件的静破坏载荷分别为588.20 k N和587.97 k N,与设计预计破坏载荷(590k N)高度一致。在相同的等幅载荷谱下,长桁连续结构的中值疲劳寿命和95%置信度与95%可靠度下的疲劳寿命分别约为长桁断开结构的1.7倍和4倍。长桁连续结构的疲劳分散性明显小于长桁断开结构。长桁连续结构的疲劳断口主要呈现脆性穿晶疲劳断裂特征;而长桁断开疲劳断口则呈现出韧窝型断裂和解理断裂的混合型穿晶疲劳断裂特征。疲劳断口微观形貌表明,长桁断开结构在疲劳过程中产生了塑性变形,这就从微观机理上解释了长桁连续结构的疲劳性能优于长桁断开结构的原因。结论在结构质量相近的情况下,长桁连续结构明显优于长桁断开结构。     

PBL剪力键破坏形态及极限承载力试验研究

根据已有试验结果,总结了有贯穿钢筋类PBL剪力键(perfobond rib shear connector)的3种破坏形态,其中充分发挥承载力的破坏形态为贯穿钢筋剪切破坏。为了研究PBL剪力键的极限承载力,对4组21个试件进行了静载破坏试验,结合文献[10]的试验结果,研究了各种因素对PBL剪力键极限承载力的影响,提出了有贯穿钢筋类PBL剪力键极限承载力计算公式。结果表明:有贯穿钢筋类PBL剪力键的极限承载力主要与贯穿钢筋面积及强度有关,与混凝土强度、混凝土榫面积无关,横向钢筋面积及强度对其的影响较以前试验所得结果小。     

掺聚丙烯纤维的高强混凝土高温性能研究

高强混凝土的渗透性很低,高温下可能出现爆裂破坏现象,严重影响混凝土及其内部钢筋的结构使用性能。本文通过改变聚丙烯纤维掺量,研究其改善高强混凝土高温爆裂性能,以及高温后高强混凝土吸水率、剩余强度性能及其恢复性能。     

基于混凝土循环剥落的隧道火灾损伤数值模型研究

为研究混凝土高温剥落对隧道衬砌火灾损伤的影响,在现有隧道结构非线性瞬态热—力耦合有限元模型基础上,提出1种在火灾高温条件下混凝土发生剥落的循环算法,以模拟火灾下衬砌结构截面面积的损失,并引入混凝土临界剥落温度的概念,得出基于混凝土循环剥落的隧道衬砌火灾损伤数值模型建立流程。利用该模型对某隧道衬砌结构进行火灾损伤模拟,并与试验结果进行对比验证。结果表明:火灾下隧道混凝土衬砌结构内逐渐增大的热应力是导致普通混凝土高温剥落的主要原因;可将衬砌受火面是否达到临界剥落温度作为隧道发生高温剥落的充分条件进行火灾损伤分析;模型求解所得的数值模拟结果与现场火灾试验数据基本吻合,验证了其可行性;混凝土高温剥落与否对衬砌结构等效温度应力有较大影响,在隧道衬砌结构抗火性能分析过程中应尽量考虑混凝土高温剥落造成的影响。