海水中阴极极化对X80钢应力腐蚀及氢脆敏感性的影响

目的研究不同p H值海水中阴极极化对X80管线钢应力腐蚀及氢脆的抑制作用。方法采用慢应变速率拉伸试验、电化学测试、微观组织观察等分析方法。结果 X80钢在天然海水中的析氢电位约为-940m V(vs.SCE,下同),海水p H为3.5时析氢电位发生正移。其应力腐蚀敏感性与极化电位有很大关系,随着极化电位负移,X80钢的氢脆敏感性增加。天然海水中当极化电位负于-950 m V时,断口出现准解理断裂特征形貌。在-1050 m V极化电位下,钢材进入氢脆断裂区发生脆性断裂。海水p H为3.5时,-900 m V钢材有发生氢脆的危险。结论与天然海水相比,X80钢在p H为3.5的酸性海水中具有较高的应力腐蚀敏感性,两种海水介质中X80钢的应力腐蚀敏感性均随极化电位负移而增加。     

柴油车加载减速工况烟度排放测试软件开发

依据《柴油车加载减速烟度排放标准》和《柴油车加载减速工况烟度检测计算机控制试验规程》的要求,开发了柴油车加载减速工况烟度排放测试软件。详细介绍了该测试软件的功能和特点。     

壳体缓释技术对带壳装药慢速烤燃反应烈度的缓解作用研究

为了研究2种典型壳体缓释技术对弹药慢速烤燃响应烈度的缓解作用,基于试验条件分别建立无缓释设计、侧壁加工应力槽和端盖加工泄压孔的带壳PBX装药慢速烤燃仿真模型,提出使用热分解反应动力学模型和燃烧反应模型模拟计算不同约束条件下带壳PBX装药从开始加热发生热分解反应到点火燃烧以及炸药与壳体耦合作用的烤燃过程的计算方法。研究结果表明：通过侧壁加工应力槽以及端盖加工泄压孔的缓释结构设计,可以有效地降低壳体破裂时炸药内部的压力及反应度,以达到缓解反应烈度的目的。     

Emergency shutdown of fluidized bed reaction systems

With several industrial applications of fluidized bed technology recently commercialized worldwide, it becomes essential to develop safe operation methods for fluidized bed reaction systems (FBRSs) to prevent any influence on their process values, which lead to accidents. To preventing any disaster or malfunction in an FBRS, an emergency shutdown system (ESD) is initiated, closing the reaction system in case of any abnormality by effectively isolating the flammable gas. However, an ESD is also prone to the “inactivation problem,” in which in the case of failure it initiates the emergency shutdown, even when the operating conditions of the reaction system are abnormal. It is also vulnerable to a “malfunction problem,” where the emergency shutdown is performed even when the operating conditions of the reaction system are normal. In this study, these problems were solved by investigating a reaction system through the monitoring of appropriate parameters and setting up of trigger levels, which reflect the uniqueness of an FBRS using an ESD. The parameters were identified by analyzing the scenario leading to an accident. The trigger levels were determined as the points at which the loss is smaller in the presence of an ESD, as compared to the value of the loss function in the presence or absence of an ESD. Furthermore, the ESD design model was applied as a case study in the ammoxidation process of propylene. The results showed that an ESD can prevent an approximately 8 billion yen of loss due to accidents in plant operations, against an investment of 200 million yen.     

Integrated coastal management: top-down vs. community-based approaches

In this paper, a dynamic model is developed in which coastal quality can be improved, restored, or maintained by two distinct user groups; this is done by identifying a context that ensures an increase (or a greater increase) in coastal quality in terms of specific features that characterise the user groups. The results demonstrate that integrated coastal management is always better than non-integrated management. Moreover, when there is a low degree of interest in maintaining the coastal use over time, only integrated community-based (CB) coastal management will increase the coastal quality. Even when the interest in maintaining the coastal use over time is high, an integrated CB approach is preferred if the willingness to pay for coastal improvements is great and the marginal inefficiency of investments in coastal improvements is low, because the coastal quality improves to a greater extent; if not, only an integrated top-down (TD) approach to coastal management will increase the coastal quality. These results suggest that developing countries should always adopt a CB approach; in contrast, developed countries should adopt a CB approach where local stakeholders attach direct values to the coastal quality, and adopt a TD approach where the general population attaches indirect (option or existence) values to coastal quality.     

气象因素对输变电线路电磁环境的影响

不考虑气象因素的输变电线路的电磁环境预测值与实际值之间有差距,探讨了温度、湿度、风等气象因素对输变电线路电磁环境的影响,并提出减缓措施。结果表明:温度上升,则电磁场强度及无线电干扰强度都会增强;高相对湿度下电磁场强度与湿度成正比,低湿度则无明显影响,湿度对无线电干扰的影响与线路电压有关;风使输电线发生偏移,改变空间电磁场强度。     

低成本高效慢速烤燃试验方法研究

目的研究低成本高效慢速烤燃试验方法。方法利用自主研发的一套慢速烤燃试验装置,以1℃/min和3.3℃/h升温程序作为对比试验,设置几种三阶段升温程序,对JBO-9013和JH-14炸药进行慢速烤燃试验,以此获得不同升温程序下试样的响应温度和响应等级。结果 1℃/min、3.3℃/h、三阶段(100/150/193℃)升温程序下,JBO-9013响应温度分别为243.1、199.5、199.8、201.4、193.0℃,响应等级均为燃烧反应;JH-14响应温度分别为211.0、186.0、191.7℃,响应等级均为爆轰反应。结论升温程序对JBO-9013和JH-14响应温度和响应剧烈程度均有影响。与GJB8018—2013中1℃/min升温程序相比,三阶段升温程序与MIL-STD-2105D和STANAG 4439中3.3℃/h烤燃试验结果吻合度较高。因此,三阶段升温程序具有缩短试验周期、提高试验效率和降低试验成本的作用。     

化工园区外围控制距离的确定及环境影响减缓措施

指出制定化工园区周边控制距离过程中需要考虑的重要因素,确定了化工园区外围控制距离中的严禁建设区域和缓冲区域的范围,为城市规划中化工园区外围地域的合理规划提出了依据。同时提出减缓化工园区对园区外影响的措施。     

Impact of conservation areas on trophic interactions between apex predators and herbivores on coral reefs

Apex predators are declining at alarming rates due to exploitation by humans, but we have yet to fully discern the impacts of apex predator loss on ecosystem function. In a management context, it is critically important to clarify the role apex predators play in structuring populations of lower trophic levels. Thus, we examined the top‐down influence of reef sharks (an apex predator on coral reefs) and mesopredators on large‐bodied herbivores. We measured the abundance, size structure, and biomass of apex predators, mesopredators, and herbivores across fished, no‐take, and no‐entry management zones in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia. Shark abundance and mesopredator size and biomass were higher in no‐entry zones than in fished and no‐take zones, which indicates the viability of strictly enforced human exclusion areas as tools for the conservation of predator communities. Changes in predator populations due to protection in no‐entry zones did not have a discernible influence on the density, size, or biomass of different functional groups of herbivorous fishes. The lack of a relationship between predators and herbivores suggests that top‐down forces may not play a strong role in regulating large‐bodied herbivorous coral reef fish populations. Given this inconsistency with traditional ecological theories of trophic cascades, trophic structures on coral reefs may need to be reassessed to enable the establishment of appropriate and effective management regimes. El Impacto de las Áreas de Conservación sobre las Interacciones Tróficas entre los Depredadores Dominantes y los Herbívoros en los Arrecifes de Coral     

矿物包裹复合肥的缓释性研究

采用埋土试验法和微区试验方法,对矿物包裹复合肥料的缓释性进行了研究。结果表明,矿物包裹复合肥料的养分释放明显向后期延伸,矿物包裹复合肥料的肥效期可达120 d以上,比复混合肥料的肥效期至少延长80 d,有利于植物均衡吸收养分,其氮的利用效率比等养分复合肥高出38个百分点;其磷的利用效率比等养分复合肥高出11.5个百分点。