Effects of particle thermal characteristics on flame microstructures during dust explosions of three long-chain monobasic alcohols in a half-closed chamber

To reveal clearly the effects of particle thermal characteristics on flame microstructures during organic dust explosions, three long-chain monobasic alcohols, solid at room temperature and similar in physical-chemical properties, were chosen to conduct experiments in a half-closed chamber. In the experiments, the dust materials were dispersed into the chamber by air to form dust clouds and the hybrids were ignited by an electrical spark. A high-speed optical schlieren system was used to record the flame propagation behaviors. A fine thermocouple and an ion current probe were respectively used to measure the flame temperature profile and the reaction behaviors of the combustion zone. Based on the experimental results, combustion behaviors and flame microstructures in dust clouds with different thermal characteristics were analyzed in detail. As a result, it was found that the dust flame surfaces were completely covered by cellular structures that significantly increased the flame frontal areas. Flame propagated more quickly and the number of the cellular cells increased as increasing the volatility of the particles. On the contrary, maximum temperature and the thickness of the preheated zone decreased as increasing the volatility of the particles. According to the ion current profile, the particles in the preheat zone were pyrolyzed to intermediate radicals and the radicals' fraction in the higher volatile dust flame was higher than that in the lower volatile dust flame.     

细砂卵砾石互层隧道围岩-支护失稳成因和处治措施

为避免细砂卵砾石互层隧道施工中发生隧道坍塌、砂涌、冒顶等安全事故,以在建的国道317线岗托隧道为工程依托,采用三维数值模拟计算和现场测试相结合的方法进行分析,探讨了施工过程中隧道围岩-支护的失稳机理,提出了相应的处治措施,最后通过对失稳前和处治后拱顶下沉、水平收敛的测试比较验证了处治效果。结果表明,细砂卵砾石互层隧道围岩-支护失稳的原因是围岩自稳能力差,超前支护适宜性差致使互层围岩不能有效固结,砂涌造成衬砌背后空洞,致使结构承载力降低,现场采用大管棚配合水平旋喷桩进行超前支护,实施效果明显。     

Risk factors for the severity of injury incurred in crashes involving on-duty police cars

Objective: This article explores the risk factors associated with police cars on routine patrol and/or on an emergency run and their effects on the severity of injuries in crashes.

Methods: The binary probit model is used to examine the effects of important factors on the risk of injuries sustained in crashes involving on-duty police cars.

Results: Several factors significantly increase the probability of crashes that cause severe injuries. Among those causes are police officers who drive at excessive speeds, traffic violations during emergency responses or pursuits, and driving during the evening (6 to 12 p.m.) or in rainy weather. Findings also indicate some potential issues associated with an increase in the probability of crashes that cause injuries. Younger police drivers were found to be more likely to be involved in crashes causing injuries than middle-aged drivers were. Distracted driving by on-duty police officers as well as civilian drivers who did not pull over to let a police car pass in emergency situations also caused serious crashes.

Conclusions: Police cars are exempted from certain traffic laws under emergency circumstances. However, to reduce the probability of being involved in a crash resulting in severe injuries, officers are still obligated to drive safely and follow safety procedures when responding to emergencies or pursuing a car. Enhancement of training techniques for emergency situations or driving in pursuit of an offender and following the safety procedures are essential for safety in driving during an emergency run by police.     

长壁综采工作面覆岩采动变形破坏时空演化规律研究

回采工作面煤层被采出以后,上覆岩层产生离层、断裂、垮落等运动,形成的冒落带和裂隙带范围对煤矿安全生产影响极大.以顾桥煤矿1116(1)综采工作面为工程背景,采用数值模拟和井下电法测试技术,研究了淮南矿区11-2煤层开采时覆岩移动破坏的规律.结果表明:在垂直方向上,采空区上方覆岩破坏分区特征明显,由下而上依次为双拉应力破坏区、拉伸裂隙区、剪切破坏区和未破坏区域;冒落带最大高度11.5～14.5 m,裂隙带最大高度45～47.5 m;覆岩破坏最终形态类似于马鞍形,破坏在水平方向的范围要比开采区域大.     

Effects of nitrogen and carbon dioxide on hydrogen explosion behaviors near suppression limit

By varying inert gas content, equivalence ratio and initial pressure, this study is aimed at investigating flame propagation behaviors and explosion pressure characteristics near suppression limit. For carbon dioxide, the weakest flame floating phenomenon is observed at Φ = 1.5 and the buoyant instability is enhanced when the equivalent ratio deviates to the rich and lean sides. For nitrogen, the buoyant instability decreases with increasing equivalent ratio. Both maximum explosion pressure and maximum pressure rise rate increase firstly and then decrease with the increase of equivalence ratio, and they decrease significantly with increasing content of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. For carbon dioxide, the critical suppression ratio of Φ = 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 is 7.50, 7.18, 5.74, 3.83, and 2.87. For nitrogen, the critical suppression ratio of Φ = 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 is 15.83, 11.87, 9.50, 6.33 and 4.75. Compared to nitrogen, the carbon dioxide is more effective on suppressing hydrogen explosion pressure. The adiabatic flame temperature, thermal diffusivity and mole fraction of active radicals continue to decrease with increasing content of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, which contributes to the decrease of laminar burning velocity.     

极近距离煤层综放开采工作面覆岩“两带”发育规律研究

为深入研究极近距离煤层综放开采工作面覆岩“两带”的动态发育规律,采用理论推导、数值模拟和现场实测相结合的方法,分析袁店一矿824工作面覆岩“两带”的裂隙演化特征。结果表明：从岩层层向拉伸率角度,研究上覆岩层垮落带和导水裂隙带的垮落程度,考虑角度影响推导出岩层弯曲下沉边缘段变形前后的长度计算公式,根据覆岩的碎胀特征计算各岩层的最大下沉量,预测垮落带和裂隙带的范围分别为30.2～41.2 m和70.7～78.2 m;采用3DEC数值模拟分析该矿824工作面开挖后上覆岩层垮落的基本形态和裂隙分布规律,结合其应力、位移云图和监测线位移曲线的分布特征,得出垮落带和裂隙带的高度分别为32.50 m和77.25 m;采用分布式光纤应变监测系统,监测工作面前方80 m处上部顶板的受力情况,得出受采动影响的光纤应变呈起伏变化,且应变分布与地层岩性存在对应关系,得出垮落带高度约30.4 m,裂隙带高度约74.8 m,验证采用层向拉伸率和覆岩碎胀性2个方面来预测工作面覆岩“两带”高度的合理性,可为类似方面的研究与施工提供相应的技术依据。     

柱撑粘土材料的环境化学行为

柱撑粘土是一种新型的复合材料，国内外近年来进行了广泛和深入的，本文系统评述了国内外柱撑粘土复合材料的环境化学行为，吸附重金属离子，吸附苯酚类物质，吸附磷类物质，吸附废水中的COD，大气污染等方面，揭示该种新材料在各种污水处理中具有广阔的应用前景。     

多手段综合分析特厚煤层分层开采覆岩破坏高度

为研究特厚煤层分层开采过程中已采工作面上覆围岩破坏高度,以老虎台矿83002已采工作面为例,分别采用EH-4物理探测、数值模拟和微震监测等多种手段进行分析论证。EH-4探测确定了垮落带和裂隙带位于油页岩层内,高阻区位于绿色页岩和砂砾岩的交界面,F1断层处出现离层空间,数值模拟和微震监测对该结果进行了验证;数值模拟和微震监测综合确定了覆岩破坏高度为400～485 m,为累计采高的6.3～7.5倍。研究成果可对下一分层83003工作面的安全开采进行指导,为类似条件矿井提供借鉴。     

复合动力灾害条件下孤岛工作面区段煤柱宽度留设研究

孤岛工作面覆岩空间结构复杂多变,受开采和地质等因素的影响在开采过程中面临冲击地压、煤与瓦斯突出、自燃发火以及采空区突水等复合动力灾害。留设合理宽度的区段煤柱是确保工作面安全开采的关键,以陕西某矿特厚煤层孤岛工作面开采为工程案例,通过分析工作面覆岩空间结构,理论计算了工作面应力分布;采用应力动态监测等方法确定了该工作采空区侧向覆岩运动,并综合考虑冲击地压灾害防治、次生灾害控制以及巷道支护等因素,确定了该工作面区段煤柱的合理宽度为5~7 m。     

Flame behaviors and pressure characteristics of vented dust explosions at elevated static activation overpressures

Dust explosion venting experiments were performed using a 20-L spherical chamber at elevated static activation overpressures larger than 1 bar. Lycopodium dust samples with mean diameter of 70 μm and electric igniters with 0.5 KJ ignition energy were used in the experiments. Explosion overpressures in the chamber and flame appearances near the vent were recorded simultaneously. The results indicated that the flame appeared as the under-expanded free jet with shock diamonds, when the overpressure in the chamber was larger than the critical pressure during the venting process. The flame appeared as the normal constant-pressure combustion when the pressure venting process finished. Three types of venting processes were concluded in the experiments: no secondary flame and no secondary explosion, secondary flame, secondary explosion. The occurrence of the secondary explosions near the vent was related to the vent diameter and the static activation overpressure. Larger diameters and lower static activation overpressures were beneficial to the occurrence of the secondary explosions. In current experiments, the secondary explosions only occurred at the following combinations of the vent diameter and the static activation overpressure: 40 mm and 1.2 bar, 60 mm and 1.2 bar, 60 mm and 1.8 bar.