大气环境质量模糊评价的可视化实现

以模糊聚类法为算法基础,运用计算机可视化技术,进行大气环境质量评价初步探索。计算机技术在环境评价中的应用,可以方便数据处理和资源共享。选用武汉市大气环境监测资料,应用该方法评价和分析武汉市大气环境质量,取得了令人满意的结果。     

Risk-Based Prioritization of Air Pollution Monitoring Using Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Technique

Air pollution monitoring programs aim to monitor pollutants and their probable adverse effects at various locations over concerned area. Either sensitivity of receptors/location or concentration of pollutants is used for prioritizing the monitoring locations. The exposure-based approach prioritizes the monitoring locations based on population density and/or location sensitivity. The hazard-based approach prioritizes the monitoring locations using intensity (concentrations) of air pollutants at various locations. Exposure and hazard-based approaches focus on frequency (probability of occurrence) and potential hazard (consequence of damage), respectively. Adverse effects should be measured only if receptors are exposed to these air pollutants. The existing methods of monitoring location prioritization do not consider both factors (hazard and exposure) at a time. Towards this, a risk-based approach has been proposed which combines both factors: exposure frequency (probability of occurrence/exposure) and potential hazard (consequence).This paper discusses the use of fuzzy synthetic evaluation technique in risk computation and prioritization of air pollution monitoring locations. To demonstrate the application, common air pollutants like CO, NO_x, PM₁₀ and SO_x are used as hazard parameters. Fuzzy evaluation matrices for hazard parameters are established for different locations in the area. Similarly, fuzzy evaluation matrices for exposure parameters: population density, location and population sensitivity are also developed. Subsequently, fuzzy risk is determined at these locations using fuzzy compositional rules. Finally, these locations are prioritized based on defuzzified risk (crisp value of risk, defined as risk score) and the five most important monitoring locations are identified (out of 35 potential locations). These locations differ from the existing monitoring locations.     

Monitoring of Seasonal Vegetables for Pesticide Residues

Market samples (60) of six seasonal vegetables were monitoredduring 1996–1997 to determine the magnitude of pesticidalcontamination. The estimation of insecticide residuesrepresenting four major chemical groups i.e. organochlorine,organophosphorous, synthetic pyrethroid and carbamate, was doneby adopting a multiresidue analytical technique employingGC-ECD and GC-NPD systems with capillary columns. The testedsamples showed 100% contamination with low but measurableamounts of residues. Among the four chemical groups, theorganophosphates were dominant followed by organochlorines,synthetic pyrethroids and carbamates. About 23% of the samplesshowed contamination with organophosphorous compounds abovetheir respective MRL values. More extensive studies coveringdifferent regions of Haryana state are suggested to get a clearidea of the magnitude of vegetable contamination with pesticideresidues.     

基于网格空间数据的晋陕蒙接壤区生态环境综合评价

晋陕蒙接壤区是典型的生态过渡带、生态脆弱带。文章在调查研究的基础上 ,选取了 1 3个评价指标 ,应用层次分析法确定其权重 ,并将各个因子分级标准化和定量赋值 ,再用加权求和法得到每个评价单元的环境质量综合评价指数。根据环境综合评价指数将环境质量分为较好 (≥ 8)、一般 (≥ 6～ <8)、较差 (≥ 4～ <6)、恶劣 (<4) 4级。结果表明 :晋陕蒙接壤区的环境质量大多处于较差等级 ,较好、一般、较差、恶劣等级的面积比例分别为 2 .2 % ,2 8% ,5 7.4%和1 2 .4%     

森林合理年伐量分析确定方法研究

森林合理年伐分析确定是年森林采伐限额编制的关键技术之一,也是森林经理学的重要内容之一。本文从森林永续利用理论出发,以消长比度、成熟林采伐度、龄级结构改善度、流量均衡度、需要满足度５个指标建立了分析确定的综合评价模型,提出了森林合理年伐量分析确定的精确化方法,从而有效地保证了结果的科学性和准确性。     

合成氨装置重点部位的安全管理及防范措施

对安庆分公司化肥厂合成氨装置 4年以来的运行及安全管理情况作了综述 . 对装置的重点 监督部位加强技术型管理 , 并实行了一系列行之有效的安全防范措施 , 使之达到了国内同类 型装置先进水平 .     

大气环境质量的模糊综合评判方法

分析了大气环境质量评价方法现状和模糊综合评判中存在的问题及解决办法，依据我国环境影响评价实际，提出采用单因子标准指数法和模糊综合评判法相结合的方法评价大气环境质量，并给出评价方法，步骤、结合实例说明其应用。     

国产十种合成洗衣粉诱发华西大蟾蜍(Bufo bufo andrewsi)蝌蚪红细胞微核的研究

研究了国产10种洗衣粉对华西大蟾蜍(Bufo bufo andrewsi)蝌蚪红细胞微核的诱变,结果表明“活力28超浓缩无泡加香”洗衣粉,“TM”及“SD”洗衣粉(1.2,6.0及12.0ppm)诱发蝌蚪微核率增高。在我们实验条件下,另外7种合成洗衣粉中的5种在12.0ppm浓度组也引起微核率升高。     

道路危险货物运输路线优化评价研究

道路危险货物运输中最重要的问题是如何保障运输过程的安全。通过对危险货物运输路线优化评价的讨论，建立了道路危险货物运输路线优化评价指标体系，提出了用模糊综合评价法建立优化模型，并对陕西关中地区到陕西南部地区的三条主要运输路线进行优化比较研究。     

空中交通管制中人的可靠性模糊综合评价研究

人是空中交通管制系统中最灵活、最具适应性和最有价值的因素 ,而其行为也是最易受到不利影响的。由于空中交通管制中产生的人为失误 ,往往会导致航空器空中危险接近 ,严重的后果甚至会酿成空难。笔者从人 -机 -环境系统工程的观点出发 ,提出了空中交通管制中人的可靠性评价的指标体系结构模型。从人自身因素、软件、硬件、环境等方面指出了影响空中交通管制中人的可靠性的心理、空中环境等 17个子因素。运用模糊数学的方法 ,建立空中交通管制中人的可靠性定量评价模型 ,并用实例进行了验证。研究表明 ,该方法应用于空中交通管制中人的可靠性评价是一种新的尝试 ,其评价结果可为各级领导机构提供航空安全管理的决策依据。