Spatial cost efficiency in waste paper handling: the case of corrugated board in Sweden

This paper analyzes the spatial cost efficiency of the Swedish legislation regarding waste disposal handling. We focus on the case of corrugated board and recognize that the different counties in Sweden possess different economic prerequisites in terms of waste paper recovery and utilization potential. We employ data for six corrugated board mills and 20 counties and a non-linear programming model to identify the least cost strategy for reaching the politically specified recycling target of a 65% recovery rate for corrugated board. That is, the total costs of recovering a minimum of 65% in each county are calculated and compared with the case when the country as a whole recovers 65% of all old corrugated board is collected but there exist no uniform target for each county. The conclusion is that from an efficiency point of view the recovery efforts should be concentrated to the highly populated and urbanized counties, and not be uniformly divided throughout the country. In the base case, the results suggest that the cost efficient county-specific recovery rates should range from 51 to 72%.     

厌氧-混凝工艺处理造纸厂终端废水试验研究

本文报告了用厌氧 -混凝工艺处理造纸厂终端废水的实验情况 ,在最佳实验条件下 ,废水从CODcr80 6 . 7m g/ L、BOD52 10 . 5 m g/ L、SS2 15 . 7m g/ L、OD4 650 . 35 0降至 CODcr6 1. 5 m g/ L、BOD52 7. 4m g/ L、SS17.3mg/ L、OD4 650 .0 11。实验结果表明对造纸厂终端废水的治理 ,本工艺是很有实用价值的一种方法     

Analysis of the hydrocyclone stock cleaning process for wasted fibre in a paper mill

The main objective of this project was to evaluate the possibility of reducing the quantity of fibre wasted at one of many hydrocyclone (centrifugal) cleaning processes in a paper mill. It was found that the application of elutriation water to both the tertiary and quaternary cleaners was essential to minimise the fibre discharged to the sewer, and the pressure of this elutriation water had a dramatic effect of reducing the fibre wastage. Accordingly, it has been shown that 150–160 kPa as the optimum pressure range to apply elutriation water to minimise the product grade fibre wasted whilst sending undesired shive fibre to the sewer. Also, monitoring of the press uhle box wastewater revealed that the paper mill has the potential to make substantial cost savings by reducing the waste stream. Further investigation is necessary to determine the types of fibre that are being wasted, and the viability of a screen to recycle the wasted fibre to the process. However, these fibres may be unsuitable to reuse in the process and alternative uses must be found.     

造纸行业的清洁生产示范

文章概述了我国造纸行业清洁生产示范项目审计的成果，从环境、经济及清洁生产方案类型等角度对企业推行清洁生产进行了初步分析，提出了存在的主要问题，并就进一步推动造纸行业的清洁生产提出了建议。     

造纸废水综合治理技术的应用研究

采用“酸化 物化 生化”组合工艺并辅以芦苇湿地处理系统对造纸废水进行综合治理。通过优化工艺条件 ,逐级削减污染负荷 ,使废水排放达到国家标准     

Design of a representative and cost-effective sampling programs for industrial wastewater with examples from bleached kraft pulp and paper mills

The diagram constructed for selection of sampling methods indicates that, for a systematic error, E ≤ 13%, grab sampling (GS) may be used to characterize effluents with variation coefficient of flow ≤ 120% and of contaminant concentrations ≤ 10%. For the whole studied range of variation coefficient of contaminant concentrations (2–82%), time-proportional compositing (TC) method may be applied with E ≤ 10% for effluents characterized by variation coefficients in flow < 90%. The more complicated flow-proportional compositing (FC) method is required only for effluents with larger variation coefficients or to produce more precise results. The diagram constructed for selection of sampling frequencies indicates that sequential sampling at intervals of approximately 60 min may be applied with E ≤ 10% for effluents characterized by variation coefficients ≤ 30%. Practical application of the diagrams, constructed using normal series, was checked against monitoring data from two pulp and paper mills in Vietnam. The two diagrams provided results on sampling methods and frequencies in good agreement with those obtained from actual monitoring data with percentages of agreement cases of 80 and 75%, respectively. The approach was applied in design of a monitoring program at the Bai Bang integrated pulp and paper mill in Vietnam.     

废纸造纸工业节水零排放技术

本文介绍了废纸造纸零排放技术的意义、零排放循环水处理需要解决的问题及工程实践情况。     

基于资源环境承载力的全国造纸工业类型区划分研究

本文从造纸行业特征、资源消耗、污染物排放等方面入手,结合区域资源环境承载力,分析行业发展可能带来的环境污染问题.分析造纸行业发展与其所需主要资源间的空间布局关系,明确选定行业发展的资源、环境和生态制约条件.结合造纸行业特点,从环境约束、生态约束和资源约束入手,构建其环境管理类型区划分的指标体系;采用层次分析法、灰色定权聚类分析等方法对分区数据进行必要处理,采用二维判断矩阵法等方法进行环境管理类型区划分,对实施针对造纸行业分区域、分类别、差别化的环境管理提供了决策依据和方法基础.     

制浆造纸工业废水达标可行性研究

2008年6月颁布的《制浆造纸工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 3544-2008)与原标准(GB 3544-2001)相比,增加了控制排放的污染物项目,污染物排放控制要求也大幅提高,传统的废水二级生化处理工艺已不能满足新标准要求。文章通过梳理和分析调研及现场监测的资料和数据,提出目前制浆造纸企业通过有效的技术改造和升级,增加废水三级深度处理流程,在加强管理的情况下可以实现废水稳定达标排放。但不可避免会增加企业建设和运营成本,大中型制浆造纸企业尚可接受,对小型企业的冲击则相对较大。同时提出目前制浆造纸企业废水处理仍存在一些技术和管理方面的问题,尚需通过制定技术规范、强化环境监管、深入开展相关基础研究等多方面对策,优化制浆造纸行业结构调整,确保行业污染物减排。     

基于污染防治技术模拟的造纸行业环境管理方法研究

为评估工业水污染物减排潜力、探究污染防治技术模拟在污染物总量控制、污染物排放限值等环境管理中的应用,按照"原料-工艺-技术-产品"的耦合关系建立了"工业污染物减排潜力分析及环境管理"模型,集成自下而上建模和情景分析等方法在我国造纸行业进行案例研究.结果表明,在政策组合情景下,废水、COD、氨氮在2015年的减排潜力分别为7×108t、39×104t、0.3×104t,2020年分别为13.8×108t、56×104t和0.5×104t;2010~2020年期间加强末端治理仍然是主要减排途径,但2015~2020年间行业结构调整的作用将逐渐提升,并使行业产污水平在2015年和2020年基本达到国内或国际先进水平,废水和氨氮指标在2015年和2020年基本满足排放标准,但COD难以达标.