铍青铜弹簧片应力腐蚀断裂研究

目的研究传感器微动开关弹簧片应力腐蚀的机理,找到断裂原因。方法对弹簧片进行断口形貌观察、能谱成分分析,并进行产品模拟腐蚀实验。结果传感器内部意外进入雨水,在工作温度下形成湿热环境,开关盒中的游离氨在此环境下释放出来,在开关盒内部形成潮湿氨气氛,铍青铜弹簧片工作时凹面一侧承受静拉应力作用,从而在潮湿氨和拉应力共同作用下发生应力腐蚀开裂。结论通过采用无氨酚醛塑料制备开关盒,弹簧片的应力腐蚀得到了有效预防。     

Comments on the Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity of metals and their compounds†

The carcinogenicity of metals has received extensive study, both epidemiologically and in the laboratory. These have included case reports of occasional human occurrence or clusters of cancer cases as well as extensive epidemiologic studies; in addition, there has been significant laboratory research on the whole animals and in vitro systems. This body of information will be examined selectively.

I will not in this paper attempt a comprehensive review of the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of metals and their compounds. Rather, I will attempt to set forth some historical perspectives, and to comment on some current gaps and needs.

Other papers in this workshop have presented thorough and very current reviews of most of the topics briefly noted in this presentation and do not require repetition here.

The cancer issue has been studied and reported on far more extensively than that relating to heritable mutations. There has been in recent years increasing interest in the use of short term tests for mutagenicity and cell transformation. These, however, are primarily with respect to their relationship to cancer production rather than to germ cell injury. Interest in cancer from metal compounds goes back a long time; in fact, one of the earliest reports was on the carcinogenicity of arsenic not many decades after the pioneering report of Sir Perceval Pott on cancer in chimney sweeps. Since then cancer has been definitely associated in humans with chromium compounds, nickel, and with less assurance but probably definitely with beryllium and cadmium. The confirmation of these findings in laboratory animals has been uneven. In the case of arsenic, for example, there has been only limited success in the production of cancer in laboratory animals with arsenic.

Many other metals have been found in laboratory studies to produce cancer, although with most of these, evidence of production of cancer in humans is either absent or extremely uncertain.

The extensive body of recent information relating to the testing of metals with a variety of short term tests will be briefly reviewed.     

铬菁R分光光度法测定水和废水中痕量铍的方法评价

在方法研究的基础上 ,组织全国六个实验室对铬菁 R分光光度法测定水和废水中铍进行了方法验证。对统一标准样品、环境地表水、实际含铍废水进行了分析。以协作试验所得数据评价本方法的灵敏度、精密度、准确度和适用性     

Humic substances. Part III. sorptive interactions with environmental chemicals†

The formation of covalent binding to DNA of a carcinogen is now widely accepted to represent a classical mechanism of tumour induction in mammals. This mechanism does not operate with metals since no covalent binding of these agents to DNA does occur. Nevertheless, somatic mutations as typical consequences of DNA‐damage have been reported to be induced by metals in various model systems. Beside DNA‐alkylation such damages can be caused by changes in the conformation of DNA or in the fidelity of DNA‐repair. The activity of the repair enzymes DNA‐polymerases is indeed impaired by many metal ions at least in vitro. It is not yet established whether these mechanisms are also important in the intact mammalian organism. Much evidence has accumulated during the last years that a disturbance of the balance of cations and especially metal ions represents another possible mechanism of tumour induction. The tumours found with high doses of chelating agents such as nitrilo‐triacetic acid (NTA) have to be discussed in this context. Since most—if not—all of the speculative mechanisms of metal carcinogenesis resemble classical pharmacological reactions the existence of a threshold level is likely. So metal carcinogenesis will not be a problem of the environmental contamination at trace levels but a problem of occupational medicine.     

Beryllium Concentrations in Ambient Air and Its Source Identification

Beryllium concentrations in atmospheric particulate and soil samples in and around a Beryllium Processing Facility (BPF) have been measured. The mean air concentration level of beryllium in and around the fence line of the BPF is 0.48 ± 0.43 ng m^-3 (n = 397) and is mostly influenced by diurnaland seasonal changes. The observed air concentration levelswere well below the prescribed ambient air quality (AAQ)standard of 10 ng m^-3. The soil concentration levels ofberyllium in the study area were found to be in the range of 1.42–2.75 g g^-1. The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD)of beryllium aerosols in ambient air was found to be 6.9 m.Source identification using the Enrichment Factor (EF) approachindicates soil as the predominant contributory source for air concentrations at the site.     

石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定鱼肉中铍和铊

探讨了鱼肉中铍、铊的测定方法。样品用硝酸-硫酸消解,溴水氧化,聚氨酯泡塑吸附富集消解液中铊,消解液中铍不被吸附,石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定铍和铊,结果满意。     

曝气生物滤池处理高氨氮含铍废水研究

含铍废水具有较高的毒性,目前关于其处理方法的研究较少。文章针对铍冶炼废水中铍超标以及高氨氮浓度的问题,选取接种有微生物的曝气生物滤池(BAF)工艺同时去除氨氮和铍,并分析其去除铍的机理。反应器系统的长期运行结果表明,BAF对高氨氮含铍废水具有较好的处理效果。在进水氨氮浓度200 mg/L,铍浓度50~100μg/L,停留时间24 h条件下,处理出水氨氮浓度稳定在1.8~10.0 mg/L,铍浓度小于5μg/L。BAF主要通过系统中的微生物去除铍,载体对铍的吸附量较小,用Langmuir模型对吸附数据进行拟合,得到微生物对铍的吸附容量为684.9μg/g。形态提取实验表明,被微生物去除的铍主要以有机结合态存在,且微生物细胞表面对铍的吸附量有限,大量的铍富集于微生物细胞内,为此,BAF对铍有长期稳定的处理效果。     

Dissolution of beryllium in artificial lung alveolar macrophage phagolysosomal fluid

Dissolution of a lung burden of poorly soluble beryllium particles is hypothesized to be necessary for development of chronic beryllium lung disease (CBD) in humans. As such, particle dissolution rate must be sufficient to activate the lung immune response and dissolution lifetime sufficient to maintain chronic inflammation for months to years to support development of disease. The purpose of this research was to investigate the hypothesis that poorly soluble beryllium compounds release ions via dissolution in lung fluid. Dissolution kinetics of 17 poorly soluble particulate beryllium materials that span extraction through ceramics machining (ores, hydroxide, metal, copper-beryllium [CuBe] fume, oxides) and three CuBe alloy reference materials (chips, solid block) were measured over 31 d using artificial lung alveolar macrophage phagolysosomal fluid (pH 4.5). Differences in beryllium-containing particle physicochemical properties translated into differences in dissolution rates and lifetimes in artificial phagolysosomal fluid. Among all materials, dissolution rate constant values ranged from 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻¹⁰ g cm⁻² d⁻¹ and half-times ranged from tens to thousands of days. The presence of magnesium trisilicate in some beryllium oxide materials may have slowed dissolution rates. Materials associated with elevated prevalence of CBD had faster beryllium dissolution rates [10⁻⁷-10⁻⁸ g cm⁻² d⁻¹] than materials not associated with elevated prevalence (p < 0.05).     

微波消解石墨炉原子吸收法测定工业废气中铍及其化合物

采用玻璃纤维滤筒采集工业废气中铍及其化合物,硝酸-氢氟酸混酸体系微波消解滤筒、硝酸镁一硝酸混合液作为基体改进剂,石墨炉原子吸收法测定铍。本方法前处理操作过程简单、省时、酸用量少、环境污染小,方法的灵敏度和准确度都有很大的提高。当采样体积为30L,工业废气中铍的最低检出质量浓度为1×10μmg／m^3。     

桑色素荧光法测定铍的研究

报告铍与桑色素试剂的荧光光谱特性,给出其激发光谱,发射光谱和同步荧光光谱图,△λ选用１００ｎｍ的同步荧光光光谱效果最佳,当Ｂｅ＾２＋的浓度为０．００５μｇ／ｍｌ时仍可获得良好的同步荧光光谱,对大气样品和水中痕量铍的测定结果与常规方法的结果有可比性。