Research on flow assurance of deepwater submarine natural gas pipelines: Hydrate prediction and prevention

The formation of hydrate will lead to serious flow assurance problems in deepwater submarine natural gas transmission pipelines. However, the accurate evaluation model of the hydrate blocking risk for submarine natural gas transportation is still lacking. In this work, a novel model is established for evaluating the hydrate risk in deepwater submarine gas pipelines. Based on hydrate growth-deposition mechanism, the mathematical model mainly consists of mass, momentum and energy conservation equations. Meantime, the model results are obtained by finite difference method and iterative technique. Finally, the model has been applied in the production of deepwater gas field (L Gas Field) in China, and the sensitivity analysis of relevant parameters has been carried out. The results show that: (a). The mathematical model can well predict the hydrate blockage risk in deepwater natural gas pipelines after verification. (b). Hydrate is easily formed at the intersection of horizontal pipeline and vertical riser, and the maximum blocking position often occurs in middle of the riser. (c). The hydrate blockage degree and length of hydrate formation region (HFR) decrease with the increase of gas transport rate. (d). The hydrate blockage degree and length of HFR decrease with the increase of gas transport temperature. (e). The hydrate blockage degree and length of HFR increase with the extension of horizontal pipeline. (f). Injecting inhibitors can effectively inhibit hydrate formation and blockage, but the improvement of transmission measures can significantly reduce the dosage of inhibitor. It is concluded that measures such as increasing gas transportation rate and temperature, shortening horizontal pipeline length, optimizing inhibitor injection point and injection rate can play a safe, economic and efficient role in hydrate preventing and controlling.     

A review on different pipeline fault detection methods

Pipeline faults like leakage and blockage always create problem for engineers. Detection of exact fault quantity and its location is necessary for smooth functioning of a plant or industry and safety of the environment. In this paper brief discussion is made on various pipeline fault detection methods viz. Vibration analysis, Pulse echo methodology, Acoustic techniques, Negative pressure wave based leak detection system, Support Vector Machine (SVM) based pipeline leakage detection, Interferometric fibre sensor based leak detection, Filter Diagonalization Method (FDM), etc. In this paper merit and demerits of all methods are discussed. It is found that these methods have been applied for specific fluids like oil, gas and water, for different layout patterns like straight and zigzag, for various lengths of pipeline like short and long and also depending on various operating conditions. Therefore, a comparison among all methods has been done based on their applicability. Among all fault detection methods, Acoustic reflectometry is found most suitable because of its proficiency to identify blockages and leakage in pipe as small as 1% of its diameter. Moreover this method is economical and applicable for straight, zigzag and long, short length pipes for low, medium and high density fluid.     

地铁站内空气幕防烟效果的数值模拟研究

地铁站内站台层发生火灾时,站台层的烟气会通过站台层到站厅层的楼扶梯蔓延至站厅层。为了研究楼扶梯口处设置空气幕对站台层烟气的阻挡效果,进行了数值模拟研究。主要研究空气幕的出口风速,出口射流角度对烟气的阻挡效果。设置的空气幕风速有3m/s,4m/s,5m/s,10m/s;设置的角度有0°,15°,30°。通过模拟对比空气幕前后温度变化,得出风幕风速为4m/s或者5m/s时即可较好阻挡烟气。角度为15°的空气幕比0°和30°的空气幕挡烟效果好。     

车辆阻塞效应下隧道火灾烟气温度及烟气逆流长度变化规律研究

通过数值模拟方法对车辆阻塞效应下的隧道火灾烟气温度及烟气逆流长度的变化规律进行了研究。主要分两种车辆阻塞效应讨论:1辆设定大小车辆障碍物阻塞;2辆设定大小车辆障碍物阻塞,且在同一车道。通过改变火源高度、纵向通风速度探究了车辆阻塞效应下隧道火灾烟气温度及烟气逆流长度的变化规律。结果表明:两种车辆阻塞效应下,随着火源高度的升高,隧道内顶棚烟气温度的变化规律相同:随火源高度的升高而增大。2辆车辆阻塞下的隧道顶棚烟气温度略低;两种车辆阻塞效应下,随着火源高度的升高,隧道内烟气逆流长度的变化规律不同。1辆车辆阻塞下烟气逆流长度随火源高度的升高而增大,而2辆车辆阻塞效应下烟气逆流长度随火源高度的升高而减小。     

地铁站细水雾幕挡烟效果的数值模拟研究

地铁站台层发生火灾时,烟气会从站台层经过楼扶梯开口蔓延至站厅层,因此, 楼扶梯开口处的挡烟效果对人员安全疏散影响重大。通过搭建全尺寸地铁站数值模拟模 型,对细水雾幕和排烟系统作用下楼扶梯开口处的挡烟效果进行了模拟研究,结果表明 :当仅设置挡烟垂壁时,挡烟垂壁有一定的蓄烟作用,但仍有大量烟气通过楼扶梯开口 从站台层蔓延至站厅层;设置细水雾幕可在一定程度上阻止烟气通过楼扶梯开口从站台 层蔓延至站厅层,有效降低烟气温度,但由于细水雾向下的冲量破坏烟气层的稳定性, 使得细水雾幕附近的烟气层高度降低;同时设置细水雾幕和排烟系统可实现良好的挡烟 效果,在楼扶梯的中段附近已基本不受火灾烟气的影响。     

矿化垃圾生物反应床堵塞问题探讨

针对矿化垃圾生物反应床处理渗滤液的堵塞问题,研究并探讨了堵塞原因和堵塞治理、预防措施。结果表明:渗滤液中有机悬浮物在矿化垃圾表层的截留与吸附是造成矿化垃圾反应床堵塞的主要原因之一。在该文试验条件下,二级串联工艺中,第一级反应床的表层总有机碳含量随时间的延长而增加,总有机碳从最初的9.4%提高到发生堵塞时的10.7%;而中部垃圾的总有机碳含量则维持在9.4%～9.5%。第二级反应床表层和中部垃圾的总有机碳分别维持在9.2%～9.5%和9.0%～9.4%,未发生明显变化。通过矿化垃圾累计降解污染物的量,提出了矿化垃圾极限负荷和临界负荷的概念。     

ENSG-30000-125可调频高声强声波吹灰器除垢机理分析

目前国内燃煤电厂湿法烟气脱硫装置常因为GGH堵塞而被迫停运,为了解决这个问题,介绍了一种利用高声强声波吹灰器结合高压水冲洗,彻底解决GGH结垢堵塞的方法,并对高声强声波吹灰器的除垢机理进行了分析,认为高强声波的推拉作用可使换热器表面的硬垢因声致疲劳而松动、脱落,同时,降低灰垢在换热器表面的附着力。另外,针对强声波对GGH的机械作用力进行了平衡分析,认为在强声波环境下GGH运行是安全的。     

三河电厂脱硫系统GGH堵塞及治理

分析了国华三河发电厂一期2×350MW机组配套脱硫系统GGH堵塞的原因及对脱硫系统的影响,结合三河电厂生产实践,给出了解决措施,为石灰石—石膏湿法脱硫系统的运行提供参考。     

水泥炉窑中低温催化脱硝技术中试性能

利用中低温SCR脱硝技术路线对水泥窑炉进行深度脱硝,设计建设了烟气处理量为10000m³/h的SCR中试实验装置,考察了在SNCR装置后烟气中未能反应的NH₃进一步在SCR（selective catalytic reduction）装置的脱硝效果,并分析了不同入口NO_x浓度对脱硝率的影响.结果表明,所研究的水泥厂仅采用SNCR（selective non-catalytic reduction）和低氮燃烧技术,能够将烟气中的NO_x控制在100~135mg/Nm³,在不喷氨的状态下SCR系统的脱硝效率可达到50%以上,说明SNCR反应存在着一定懂得氨逃逸;在SCR系统补充喷射氨气后,SCR脱硝效率有显著的提升,可提到至80%以上.通过低氮燃烧、SNCR与SCR等脱硝技术的联合使用,可将水泥炉窑烟气中NO_x的排放浓度控制在50mg/Nm³以内,满足超低排放要求;将经过较长时间稳定运行后催化剂从系统中取出,进行成分、孔径分布和脱硝活性对比,结果表明催化剂内部微孔会被部分堵塞,导致比表面积降低,但经吹扫处理催化剂的脱硝效率可恢复,说明催化剂在水泥窑炉烟气条件下长期运行未出现中毒现象.     

压力脉冲波法复杂天然气管道堵塞检测实验研究*

为了解决复杂天然气管道堵塞定位难题,快速定位出堵塞位置,提出利用压力脉冲波法检测复杂管道堵塞。改造搭建长18.1 m、包含17个三通结构的压力波堵塞检测实验台,进行不同堵塞率以及气液混输管道的堵塞定位实验。结果表明:管道三通会引起频率范围为150~200 Hz的高频反射波,利用FFT谐波变换方法可以有效地对原始信号进行滤波分析,更利于对堵塞定位分析。在堵塞率100%时,定位误差为1.07%;在堵塞率50%时,定位误差最大,达到1.93%;对于含液率8%的气液混输管道,100%堵塞时,定位误差为0.48%。研究结果有效地证实了压力脉冲法检测复杂输运管道堵塞的可行性,可为该方法的现场应用提供指导和数据支撑。