Three-Dimensional Modelling of Concentration Fluctuations in Complicated Geometry

The strong fluctuating component in the measured concentration time series of a dispersing gaseous pollutant in the atmospheric boundary layer, and the hazard level associated to short-term concentration levels, demonstrate the necessity of calculating the magnitude of turbulent fluctuations of concentration using computational simulation models. Moreover the computation of concentration fluctuations in cases of dispersion in realistic situations, such as built-up areas or street canyons, is of special practical interest for hazard assessment purposes. In this paper, the formulation and evaluation of a model for concentration fluctuations, based on a transport equation, are presented. The model is applicable in cases of complex geometry. It is included in the framework of a computational code, developed for simulating the dispersion of buoyant pollutants over complex geometries. The experimental data used for the model evaluation concerned the dispersion of a passive gas in a street canyon between 4 identical rectangular buildings performed in a wind tunnel. The experimental concentration fluctuations data have been derived from measured high frequency concentrations. The concentration fluctuations model is evaluated by comparing the model's predictions with the observations in the form of scatter plots, quantile-quantile plots, contour plots and statistical indices as the fractional bias, the geometrical mean variance and the factor-of-two percentage. From the above comparisons it is concluded that the overall model performance in the present complex geometry case is satisfactory. The discrepancies between model predictions and observations are attributed to inaccuracies in prescribing the actual wind tunnel boundary conditions to the computational code.     

高层建筑群对街谷内颗粒物扩散特性的影响

为了获得城市冠层内高层建筑群的高度变化对城市颗粒物污染的作用情况,采用大涡模拟方法研究了不同高层建筑群的街谷形状因子对街谷内空气流动与污染物扩散规律的影响。结果表明：在高层建筑群上方形成一个顺时针旋涡,旋涡中心位于城市峡谷内靠近高层建筑群背风处;随着街谷形状因子的增大,高层建筑群的滞留效应增强,导致高层建筑物上方的剪切层湍动能增强;当形状因子为2.5时,湍动能达到1.9 m2·s-2,此时城市街谷内可吸入颗粒物的稀释扩散条件变差;在涡旋和气流夹带作用下,可吸入颗粒物浓度在垂直方向上分布具有明显的分层现象,大量可吸入颗粒物聚集于低建筑迎风面底部。不同街谷形状因子下街谷内空气流动与污染物扩散规律的探明将为有关部门制定相应规划提供参考。     

上海城市街道灰尘重金属铅污染现状及评价

对上海市区和郊区城镇中心街道灰尘中铅的含量水平进行了研究,并应用克里格插值法分析了市区街道灰尘中铅的空间分布特征,结果表明:市区街道灰尘中铅的含量为28～4443 mg·kg^-1,平均含量为264 mg·kg^-1,为上海土壤环境背景值的10.4倍;郊区城镇中心街道灰尘中铅的含量为155～364 mg·kg^-1,平均含量为237 mg·kg^-1,为环境背景值的9.3倍;市区内环线以内黄浦江两岸区域铅污染较为严重,平均含量为359 mg·kg^-1;铅污染中心主要位于商业区和交通干道,平均含量分别为642和520 mg·kg^-1.地积累指数法和铅污染指数法的评价结果表明:上海城市街道灰尘中铅污染整体上处于中度污染水平,其中,市区内环线以内黄浦江两岸区域街道灰尘中铅污染处于偏重污染水平.研究结果以期为上海市的城市环境污染防治和城市规划提供重要的科学依据.     

再生水利用健康风险暴露评价

结合北京市再生水利用工程,建立了再生水用于公园绿化、道路降尘和冲洗作业时,职业人群和公众的暴露评价方法和评价模型,通过现场调研和监测分析,首次提出了再生水利用暴露人群的再生水日摄入量和终生日均暴露剂量,为健康危险度分析提供定量依据.其中公园绿化职业人群通过皮肤和吸入的日均总摄入量为0.07L/d,公众为0.04～0.05L/d,消毒副产物的日均暴露剂量为:职业人群经呼吸途径终生日均暴露剂量为2.8×10^-7～1.2×10^-5mg·(kg·d)^{-1相似文献}   

Modeling traffic air pollution in street canyons in New York City for intra-urban exposure assessment in the US Multi-Ethnic Study of atherosclerosis and air pollution

We evaluated the Danish AirGIS air quality and exposure model system using air quality measurement data from New York City in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution (MESA Air). Measurements were used from three US EPA Air Quality System (AQS) monitoring stations and a comprehensive MESA Air measurement campaign including about 150 different locations and about 650 samples of about 2 week measurements of NO_x, NO₂ and PM_2.5. AirGIS is a deterministic exposure model system based on the dispersion models Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM) and the Urban Background Model (UBM). The UBM model reproduced the annual levels within 1–26% depending on station and pollutant at the three urban background EPA monitor stations, and generally reproduced well the seasonal and diurnal variation. The full model with OSPM and UBM reproduced the MESA Air measurements with a correlation coefficient of r² = 0.51 for NO_x, r² = 0.28 for NO₂ and r² = 0.73 for PM_2.5.     

宝鸡市街尘重金属元素含量、来源及形态特征

利用XRF和AAS研究了宝鸡市街尘中重金属元素的含量水平.结果表明,街尘中Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr和Cd的平均含量分别是123.2、408.4、715.1、804.2、15.9、48.8、126.7和5.5μg.g-1,均高于世界、中国、陕西省土壤元素背景值,其中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd超标最为突出.利用...     

海绵城市地块汇水区颗粒污染物的传输

目前我国海绵工程建设多集中在地块汇水区单元内开展,通过多个低影响开发(LID)设施协同完成地表径流水质水量的调控,但基于地块汇水区尺度下城市面源污染的产生和控制效果鲜有报道.本研究比较分析了不同硬化率地块汇水单元内的面源颗粒污染物晴天累积、降雨冲刷、地表径流及径流输出负荷状况.结果表明,地块汇水单元内硬质路面是面源颗粒污染物贡献的最主要的下垫面类型,中硬化率(61.1%)地块和高硬化率(73.6%)地块路面街尘累积量分别约占汇水区单元的88.4%(2.22～12.51 g·m^-2)和90.1%(4.99～33.43 g·m^-2),对径流SS的输出贡献比率分别约为91.7%(0.97～7.34 g·m^-2)和90.5%(0.92～18.77 g·m^-2),降雨径流SS污染负荷占比分别约为95.2%和83.1%,经LID设施处理后输出径流污染负荷约为地表径流的24.0%和40.2%.硬质路面的街尘晴天累积及降雨冲刷以>150μm为主,地表径流及输出径流则以<50μm粒径段为主,同时地块不透水...     

道路路障对街道峡谷内污染物扩散的影响

采用数值模拟,研究不同风向角α (α=0°、45°、90°)及道路屏障位置(中间单路障和两侧双路障)对街道峡谷内机动车尾气污染物扩散的影响。数值模拟采用标准 k-ε 湍流模型且Sct选择0.3时,计算结果与风洞实验结果较好吻合。结果表明,2种路障布置方式可有效降低人行道内污染物浓度,特别是,当α=45°时,污染物浓度最多可降低46.23%。同时,风向角α对街道峡谷内污染物扩散影响较大。当 α=90°时,空气流通不良使得污染程度最为严重,且污染集中在背风侧近地面。单路障比双路障布置对污染物扩散影响更大,前者使污染物主要集中在街道中心背风侧,其他位置浓度明显降低;双路障时仅在一定范围内改善人行道内空气品质,但对街道整体污染物分布影响不大。     

地下商业街火灾烟气流动实验研究

烟气是火魔的杀手锏。在不同火源功率的长通道实体火灾实验基础上,研究地下商业街吊顶装修前后,以及不同的补风与排烟条件下烟气的特点,考察防排烟措施启动时机、启动位置以及排烟量的大小。实验结果表明:安装天花板有利于提高排烟速率,但烟气蔓延速度加快,因此宜采用镂空式天花板以利用顶部蓄烟;地下商业街宜采用远火源端补风、近端机械排烟方式,设计中需依据风量和速率选取风机,还应考虑风机对流场的扰动以及进风口设置位置。     

上游阻挡建筑间距对街谷内空气环境的影响

城市中的大部分街谷都存在上游阻挡建筑.为考察阻挡建筑对街谷内空气环境的影响,通过数值计算方法研究分析了上游阻挡建筑对街谷内空气品质的影响作用,结果表明,在常规建筑间距范围内,街谷湍流强度、平均风速和风速波动范围均随着上游阻挡建筑间距增大而减小,这将导致当上游阻挡建筑与街谷建筑间距从15m增加到60m时,街谷空间污染物平均浓度增大36%,近地空间增大41%.因此,实际设计中街谷上游阻挡建筑与临街建筑间的距离不应过大.