Catalytic degradation of toxic organic dye using an aluminum-doped Cu0.4Zn0.6-xAlxFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6) spinel ferrite in a photo-Fenton system

Catalytic activity of spinel ferrite in breaking down toxic dye materials are promising due to their uniqueness. In this study, aluminum-doped copper zinc ferrite, Cu_0.4Zn_0.6-xAl_xFe₂O₄ (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6), a catalyst for toxic dye degradation is synthesized through chemical co-precipitation route. The formation of the spinel ferrite catalyst is initially confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectra, which shows the frequency of metal-oxygen bond vibration at 539 and 427 cm⁻¹ attributed to the tetrahedral and octahedral sites respectively. Higher intensity sharp peak of X-ray diffraction for (311) plane is the evidence for the phase purity and the formation of spinel ferrite. The crystallite size is found to decrease with the increase of Al³⁺ ion. The surface structure of the obtained particles is investigated using a scanning electron microscope. Analyses of the material's magnetic characteristics using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) revealed that it is, in fact, a soft magnet, as evidenced by the loop of its hysteresis, which is narrow. The catalytic degradation of methylene blue dye under the mechanism of the photo-Fenton process is studied with the obtained spinel ferrites and the result is found to be as high as 96.5%. The process follows pseudo-second order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm.     

模糊综合评价法在钢铁企业安全投资合理性评价中的应用

为了对钢铁企业安全投资进行模糊综合评价,建立了钢铁企业安全投资的评价体系,确定各因素的权重。得出模糊综合评价矩阵,可对各因素进行评价分析;得出某钢铁企业安全投资现状分数为83.9分,等级为较好,需着重加强安全培训、劳保品、工业卫生等人因素方面的投资;在环境方面的投资较合理。     

氨基改性生物炭负载纳米零价铁去除水中Cr(VI)

以聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）为功能单体,玉米秸秆生物炭为载体,制备了氨基改性生物炭负载型纳米零价铁（nZVI@PEI-HBC）,并利用扫描电镜（SEM）、红外光谱（FTIR）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段对材料进行了表征,分析了溶液pH、温度、材料投加量等因素对其去除Cr（VI）的影响及其去除机理.结果表明：在投加量为0.5 g·L^-1,温度为20℃,pH值为5,Cr（VI）初始浓度为20 mg·L^-1条件下,各材料对Cr（VI）的去除率大小为nZVI@PEI-HBC > nZVI > PEI-HBC > HBC.SEM显示nZVI颗粒较均匀地分散在生物炭表面,FTIR分析表明PEI改性后材料表面增加了氨基等重金属配位基团,这可能是nZVI@PEI-HBC去除Cr（VI）效果更好的原因.影响因素研究表明,材料具有较好稳定性,老化28 d后其Cr（VI）去除性能变化不大;酸性环境、升温、增大材料投加量均有利于nZVI@PEI-HBC对Cr（VI）的去除.机理研究发现,水中溶解氧加速了nZVI的腐蚀和Fe（II）的释放,促进Cr（VI）还原为Cr（III）,然后通过共沉淀作用和氨基等基团的吸附作用被去除.     

二溴硝基甲烷在紫外光照条件下的光降解

以二溴硝基甲烷为研究,采用单一控制变量法研究了光照强度、初始物浓度、自由氯、溴离子、pH值等影响因子对二溴硝基甲烷光降解的影响,探讨了二溴硝基甲烷的光降解动力学规律.结果表明：二溴硝基甲烷在紫外光条件下的降解遵循一级反应动力学规律,其光降解效率随二溴硝基甲烷初始浓度的增加而减小,随光照强度和pH值增加而增加;溴离子的存在能促进二溴硝基甲烷的光降解;添加自由氯能够显著加快二溴硝基甲烷的光降解效率,并且会使二溴硝基甲烷在光降解的过程中转化为以一溴一氯硝基甲烷为主的其他卤代硝基甲烷.此研究结果可为水处理过程中控制二溴硝基甲烷的形成、降低水质安全风险提供参考.     

AMD铁絮体改性生物炭对重金属吸附机理研究 ——以Pb(II)为例

以酸性矿山废水生成的铁絮体和秸秆生物炭为原料,采用化学改性和紫外辐射联用技术制备改性生物炭,并通过正交试验确定最佳改性条件,同时利用FTIR、SEM和BET等方法对吸附材料的形貌特征、孔隙结构及其表面化学性质进行表征.结果表明,通过改性使吸附材料比表面积增大,吸附位点增多,在25℃、pH为7时,吸附材料改性后比表面积为295.71 m²·g^-1,对Pb（II）的拟合吸附量可达278 mg·g^-1.改性材料对Pb（II）的吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型和准二级动力学模型,主要为单分子层吸附,受化学吸附控制.     

色氨酸对生物成因铁硫酸盐次生矿物形成的影响

采用氧化亚铁硫杆菌催化合成铁硫酸盐次生矿物,研究不同L-色氨酸添加浓度对矿物合成体系pH、氧化还原电位（ORP）、Fe²⁺氧化率、总Fe沉淀率,以及次生矿物产量、化学组成及矿物相的影响.结果表明,随着体系色氨酸浓度的增加,pH降低幅度越小,ORP上升越不明显.色氨酸对铁硫酸盐次生矿物合成的影响依赖于其浓度,当色氨酸浓度低于1.67 g·L^-1时,色氨酸对铁硫酸盐次生矿物的形成起促进作用,表现为总Fe沉淀率及矿物产量随着色氨酸浓度升高而增加.而当色氨酸浓度升高至6.67 g·L^-1时,Fe²⁺氧化率、总Fe沉淀率和矿物产量远低于对照组,表明高浓度色氨酸会抑制铁硫酸盐次生矿物的形成.次生矿物内Fe/S比介于施氏矿物和黄钾铁矾的理论值之间,表明不同合成体系所得次生矿物均为黄钾铁矾和施氏矿物的混合物.矿物学特征分析表明,随着色氨酸浓度的升高,矿物的合成表现为黄钾铁矾向施氏矿物转移.     

Effect of substituents in hydroxyl radical-mediated degradation of azo pyridone dyes: Theoretical approaches on the reaction mechanism

Understanding the degradation behavior of azo dyes in photocatalytic wastewater treatment is of fundamental and practical importance for their application in textile-processing and other coloration industries. In this study, quantum chemistry, as density functional theory, was used to elucidate different degradation pathways of azo pyridone dyes in a hydroxyl radical (HO^?)-initiated photocatalytic system. A series of substituted azo pyridone dyes were synthesized by changing the substituent group in the para position of the benzene moiety, ranging from strong electron-donating to strong electron-withdrawing groups. The effect of dye molecular structure on the photocatalytic degradation reaction mechanism was analyzed and quantification of substituent effects on the thermodynamic and kinetics parameters was performed. Potential energy surface analysis revealed the most susceptible reaction site for the HO^? attack. The calculated reaction barriers are found to be strongly affected by the nature of substituent group with a good correlation using Hammett σ_p constants and experimentally determined reaction rates. The stability of pre-reaction complexes and transition state complexes were analyzed applying the distortion-interaction model. The increased stability of the transition state complexes with the distancing from the substituent group has been established.     

Plasmonic silver/silver oxide nanoparticles anchored bismuth vanadate as a novel visible-light ternary photocatalyst for degrading pharmaceutical micropollutants

The degradation of pharmaceutical micropollutants is an intensifying environmental problem and synthesis of efficient photocatalysts for this purpose is one of the foremost challenges worldwide. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop novel plasmonic Ag/Ag₂O/BiVO₄ nanocomposite photocatalysts by simple precipitation and thermal decomposition methods, which could exhibit higher photocatalytic activity for mineralized pharmaceutical micropollutants. Among the different treatments, the best performance was observed for the Ag/Ag₂O/BiVO₄ nanocomposites (5 wt.%; 10 min's visible light irradiation) which exhibited 6.57 times higher photodegradation rate than the pure BiVO₄. Further, the effects of different influencing factors on the photodegradation system of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) were investigated and the feasibility for its practical application was explored through the specific light sources, water source and cycle experiments. The mechanistic study demonstrated that the photogenerated holes (h⁺), superoxide radicals (?O₂^?) and hydroxyl radicals (?OH) participated in TC-HCl removal process, which is different from the pure BiVO₄ reaction system. Hence, the present work can provide a new approach for the formation of novel plasmonic photocatalysts with high photoactivity and can act as effective practical application for environmental remediation.     

不同浓度锌处理下水稻幼苗对镉的累积效应

为探究锌（Zn）对水稻镉（Cd）累积的影响及其根表铁膜所发挥的作用,选取Cd高累积型水稻品种中9优547（简称"Z547"）和Cd低累积型水稻品种金优402（简称"J402"）,采用温室水培试验,研究0、2、5、10、15和20 μmol/L等6个Zn浓度下水稻幼苗对Cd的累积效应,以及不同浓度Zn处理对根表铁膜生成量的影响.结果表明:①随着c（Zn）的增加,Z547和J402水稻幼苗生物量均呈先增后减的趋势,分别在c（Zn）为2和10 μmol/L时达到最大值.②Z547和J402水稻幼苗中w（Cd）均呈先降后增的趋势,分别在c（Zn）为5和2 μmol/L时达到最小值;当水稻幼苗中w（Cd）达到最小值时,Z547根和地上部中w（Cd）分别为31.65和11.47 mg/kg,J402根和地上部中w（Cd）分别为22.58和14.36 mg/kg.③不同浓度Zn处理下水稻幼苗各部位中w（Cd）均与根表铁膜中w（Mn）、w（Fe）、w（Fe+Mn）呈显著正相关,高铁膜处理水稻幼苗中w（Cd）显著高于低铁膜处理,表明根表铁膜生成量的增加会促进Cd在水稻幼苗中的累积.研究显示,当c（Zn）较低时,c（Zn）的增加会抑制水稻幼苗对Cd的累积;当c（Zn）较高时,c（Zn）的增加会促进水稻幼苗对Cd的累积,而Zn可通过控制根表铁膜的生成来影响水稻幼苗对Cd的累积.      

微生物菌剂对堆肥功能微生物重构的影响

堆肥产品不仅可以作为有机肥或土壤改良剂,还可以在包气带土层防护地下水污染的过程中起到微生物载体的作用.在堆肥中接种菌剂能够加速堆肥进程,促进堆肥材料的腐熟,但是也有研究认为接种剂与堆肥土著微生物的竞争会导致菌剂无法发挥作用.为了阐明菌剂与土著微生物之间的相互作用,采用宏蛋白质组学方法,分析餐厨垃圾堆肥接菌组（木质纤维素混合菌剂）和对照组（未接菌）中功能微生物群落和碳水化合物代谢途径的变化.结果表明:接菌组中假单胞菌目（Pseudomonadales）和散囊菌纲（Eurotiomycetes）菌群的相对丰度比对照组分别提高了12.5%和22.0%,成为优势细菌和真菌,二者在碳水化合物代谢活性上也成为优势菌群.菌剂主要是由芽孢杆菌目（Bacillales）和散囊菌纲的曲霉（Aspergillus）组成,曲霉因具有堆肥系统所需的木质纤维素分解能力而成为优势真菌,而菌剂中的芽孢杆菌虽然数量较多,但是缺乏堆肥系统所需的功能而无法成为优势细菌.餐厨垃圾中易降解物质分解过程中产生的有机酸会导致酸性环境,对照组中能够适应酸性环境的芽孢杆菌目和酵母菌纲（Saccharomycetes）是优势群落,添加菌剂后,堆肥系统中土著的假单胞菌目和散囊菌纲具有较高的碳水化合物代谢活性和多种有机酸转化通路,因此在与菌剂中的芽孢杆菌目和土著的芽孢杆菌及酵母菌的竞争中成为优势菌群.研究显示,外源菌剂与土著微生物之间以及各土著微生物之间都会发生竞争作用,能否成为优势菌群取决于是否适应堆肥底物新陈代谢的变化,因此只要选择好菌剂的功能和接种时机,菌剂就能够发挥原有的作用.