Conflicting perspectives of forest management in Bastar, Central India

This article enters the debate on shifting cultivation and tropical forests, and the role of the State forest departments in managing these regions. The article focuses on the adivasi (indigenous) people and their use of forests in the Bastar region of Madhya Pradesh in Central India. It examines the different landscapes, resulting from human interaction, in order to observe the vegetative changes and progressions in their characteristics; in particular, the author challenges the view that adivasi forest use has been detrimental to the ecology of the forest. A botanical comparison is made between three sites that allow us to note specific characteristics of a fallow, a secondary forest and a primary sal (Shorea robusta) forest. The wider aspects of the adivasi manner of forest use are also discussed.
A major portion of the Bastar region is legally under the authority of the Madhya Pradesh State Forest Department. However, the official policies and laws, pertaining to the conservation of forests and the generation of revenue, are often insensitive to the adivasi perceptions and use of the various vegetative zones within the forest. The effect of a standardised form of demarcation, coupled with the State legislation, has overlooked the adivasi people's needs and their ecologically sound way of relating to the forest. The paper concludes with a few recommendations.     

机载产品日历寿命定寿方法研究进展及展望

联系我国飞机飞行现状,分析了机载产品日历寿命控制的必要性.根据文献记载,简要介绍了航空机载产品日历寿命定寿方法的发展历程,分析了目前机载产品日历寿命定寿方法研究的现状,归纳了3类主要的机载产品日历寿命传统定寿方法,并讨论了各类方法的优点与不足.针对传统定寿方法存在的问题,整理了近年来发展的机载产品日历寿命定寿方法的代表性成果,介绍了3种近年来才发展的机载产品日历寿命定延寿方法的具体过程.客观地综述了我国机载产品日历寿命研究存在的短板与弱项,以及日历寿命研究亟需发展的方向.为使机载产品日历寿命定寿方法研究跟上时代发展的步伐,更经济高效地服务在役飞机寿命控制,对未来机载产品日历寿命研究提出了展望.     

基于环境腐蚀损伤的某型飞机日历寿命的确定

目的基于腐蚀的观点,确定基于环境区域腐蚀损伤的某型飞机结构的日历寿命。方法通过试验确定各级温湿度下飞机结构常用铝合金材料2Al2-T3腐蚀至任意损伤值的时间曲线(T-H曲线),并根据某型飞机的服役环境谱以及对应的腐蚀损伤容限D_c确定该型飞机的日历寿命。结果试验确定出不同湿度下的T-H曲线,引入海南陵水机场的温湿度环境谱,将数据带入计算模型,所得结果比较合理。结论该模型可以合理地求得腐蚀环境下飞机结构的日历寿命,获得的2Al2-T3铝合金腐蚀损伤时间曲线具有普适性。     

景区级别与日历效应比较研究——以新疆吐鲁番4景区为例

日历效应是旅游活动在年内变化的时间节律,主要体现在季节效应、节日效应和周末效应。基于景区级别—旅游客流量模型,收集新疆吐鲁番4景区连续3年的逐日客流量数据,通过构建3个指数模型测算效应值,以分析景区级别与日历效应之间的关系。结果发现:吐鲁番旅游淡旺季特别明显,景区级别越高,淡旺季差异越大;五一和国庆节日效应最高,景区级别越低,节日效应越显著,长假期有明显的节前和节后效应;周末效应有明显的季节性差异,周六效应高于周日效应,景区级别越低,周末效应越高。最后,从气候变化、节假日制度和作息制度探讨了旅游日历效应的成因。     

某型飞机典型结构危险部位地面停放预腐蚀影响系数曲线的试验测定

目的评定飞机日历寿命,测定飞机典型结构件的地面停放系数随日历年限的变化规律(C-T曲线)。方法针对典型飞机结构连接件,首先在实验室条件下采用加速腐蚀的预腐蚀试验及预腐蚀后的疲劳试验,得到不同加速当量腐蚀年限下的疲劳寿命,然后对疲劳试验数据进行统计及处理。结果最后拟合得到飞机典型结构件的地面停放系数随日历年限的变化规律曲线。结论通过C-T曲线可为某型飞机的定寿提供基础。     

The uncertainty effects of design flow on water quality management

Pollen grains in the atmosphere of Sivrihisar were studied for a continuous period of 2 years (1 January 2005–31 December 2006) using a Durham sampler. During this period, pollen grains belonging to 41 taxa were recorded, 24 of which belonged to arboreal plants and 17 to non-arboreal. From these, 23,219 were identified in 2005 and 34,154 in 2006. Of the total pollen grains, 90,46% were arboreal, 9,43% non-arboreal, and 0,1% unidentifiable. The majority of the investigated allergic pollen grains were from Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Fraxinus spp., Cedrus spp., Artemisia spp., Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Populus spp., Quercus spp., Urticaceae and Asteraceae, respectively. Pollen concentrations reached their highest levels in May. This information was then established into a calendar form according to the pollens determined in 2005–2006, in terms of annual, monthly and weekly numbers of taxa fall per cm². A comparison between the results and the meteorological factors revealed a close relationship between pollen concentrations in the air and meteorological conditions. An increase in pollination was also linked to increasing temperatures and the wind. It was therefore concluded that high temperatures and relative humidity were also effective in increasing the number of pollens in the air.     

主减速器橡胶密封圈性能衰减模型及日历寿命评估

目的 构建主减速器橡胶密封圈储存/装机条件下的性能衰减模型,评估其实际储存日历寿命、储存/装机条件下的折算系数。方法 将功能结构件实际尺寸（实际装配、初始轴向厚度和压缩时轴向厚度）、实际生产产品尺寸和安全裕度相结合,确定橡胶密封件的失效判据。对实际使用的FX-4、FX-17橡胶密封圈2种初始压缩率的装机状态下进行5个温度点的加速老化试验,测定2种橡胶密封圈压缩永久变形率的老化指标参数,利用回归分析得到相应的衰减模型,结合实际储存13a的橡胶密封圈的压缩永久变形率进行检验,确定储存/装机条件下的折算系数。结果 以25%为失效判据,橡胶密封圈储存年限可达19.8 a。结论 为了保证使用安全和外场计算方便,FX-4密封圈装机使用1 a相当于储存2 a,FX-17密封圈装机使用1 a相当于储存3 a。     

基于电化学阻抗的直升机涂层日历寿命评估方法

目的研究直升机涂层在使用过程中的日历寿命评估方法。方法分析影响直升机涂层日历寿命的主要因素,给出涂层日历寿命分散性和差异性的原因,确定关键评估技术。以某型高原直升机涂层日历寿命评估为例,开展8个周期的加速试验,选取电化学阻抗模值(|Z|f=0.1 Hz)描述涂层性能退化失效过程。结果涂层电化学阻抗模值与加速周期满足函数关系。结论应力疲劳影响涂层性能退化,在环境因素和较高局部应力共同作用下,涂层性能退化更明显。该涂层性能不满足6年高原日历寿命。     

飞机结构日历寿命及腐蚀防护研究应关注的问题

介绍了飞机寿命体系,阐述了典型飞机服役环境和飞机使用寿命情况。列举了典型飞机结构的腐蚀实例,并剖析了腐蚀失效的原因。在综合分析当前我国飞机面临的腐蚀和日历寿命主要问题的基础上,阐明腐蚀是引起飞机结构失效的主要损伤模式,也是严重影响飞机飞行安全和经济修理的主要因素,探讨了飞机结构日历寿命及腐蚀防护研究应重点关注的一些问题。     

Tropical deciduous forests and the adivasi. Indigenous traditions as response to leaf fall in Bastar, India

This article draws attention to the crucial link between the tropical deciduous forest ecosystem and the lifestyle of the adivasi (indigenous) people. Taking the case of Bastar District in Chhattisgarh, Central India, an analysis is made of the various commonly used wild plants, their deciduous habit, and the adivasi calendar that regulates the peoples’ use of these plants. By examining the specific seasonal patterns of leaf fall of plants and the dates set for the commencement of their use, the article shows that there is an implicit relation between adivasi festivals and the deciduous character of Bastar's forests.