Phenomenological compensation of thermally caused position and orientation errors of rotary axes

Thermal errors of machine tools are one of the major sources of inaccuracy. Therefore, the reduction of temperature induced deviations or the compensation of the resulting tool center point (TCP) errors have been of strong interest to the manufacturing industry for a couple of years. Up to now, the observation of the environment, the main spindle, the linear axes and the machine bed were in the focus of research, but with the rising demand for 5-axis machine tools and the increasing requirements regarding their accuracy, the analysis of the thermal behavior of rotary axes becomes more and more important. This paper gives an overview of corresponding thermal measurements of machine tools. The thermal behavior of rotary and swiveling axes is analyzed in detail. A simulation model and an approach for a phenomenological compensation of the TCP error are introduced and verified by measurements.     

The geography of conflict between elk and agricultural values in the Cypress Hills, Canada

Complex ecological issues like depredation and its management are determined by multiple factors acting at more than one scale and are interlinked with complex human social and economic behaviour. Depredation by wild herbivores can be a major obstacle to agricultural community support for wildlife conservation. For three decades, crop and fence damage, competition with livestock for native rangeland and tame pasture, and depredation of stored feed by elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) have been the cause of conflict with agricultural producers in the Cypress Hills, Alberta and Saskatchewan. Tolerance of elk presence on private lands is low because few benefits accrue to private landowners; rather they largely perceive elk as a public resource produced at their expense. Government management actions have focused on abatement inputs (e.g., population reduction; fencing) and compensation, but incentives to alter land use patterns (crop choice and location) in response to damages have not been considered. Nor has there been information on spatial structure of the elk population that would allow targeted management actions instead of attempting to manage the entire population. In this study we analysed the spatial structure of the Cypress Hills elk population, the distribution of the elk harvest in relation to agricultural conflicts, developed models of the spatial patterns of conflict fields, and evaluated compensation patterns for damage by wild herbivores. We propose modifications to current abatement and compensation programs and discuss alternative approaches involving changes to agricultural land use patterns that may reduce the intensity of conflicts with elk, and increase the acceptance capacity of landowners.     

Compensation for risks: host community benefits in siting locally unwanted facilities

This article analyzes the recent negotiations connected with siting 24 solid-waste landfills in Wisconsin. We examine the association between the type and amount of compensation paid to host communities by facility developers and the size of facilities, certain facility characteristics, the timing of negotiated agreements, the size of the host community, and the socioeconomic status of the host area. Our findings suggest that the level of compensation after adjusting for landfill capacity is positively associated with the percentage of total facility capacity dedicated to host community use, positively associated with the percentage of people of the host area who are in poverty, and larger for public facilities that accept municipal wastes. Other explanatory variables we examined, whose association with levels of compensation proved statistically insignificant, were facility size, facility status (new vs expansion), facility use (countyonly vs multicounty), timing of negotiation, host community size, and the host area education level, population density, and per capita income. We discuss the policy implications of our principal findings and future research questions in light of the persistent opposition surrounding the siting of solid-waste and other waste-management facilities.     

Preparation and implementation of seven ecological compensation plans for Dutch highways

First-generation compensation plans (CPs) for Dutch highway projects have been evaluated with respect to implementation of the compensation principle (1993), which aims to counterbalance the adverse ecological impacts of large-scale development projects. Decision-making on the seven projects took place between 1993 and 1995. Specifically, we considered: (a) the processes employed to prepare and implement the compensation plans; (b) the methods used to identify, plan, and execute the compensation measures; and (c) the results yielded by these methods. We conclude that the CPs were prepared fairly uniformly, particularly in terms of the processes and methodologies used to derive compensation measures. Five of the seven CPs had become operational by 2001 and initial experience is now being gained on land acquisition and transfer of compensation sites to nature conservation trusts. Further progress of CPs is likely to be seriously hampered by growing demand for land for development in general and associated increases in real estate prices. Several problems are addressed and recommendations made with respect to: (a) developing a legal basis for the compensation principle; (b) the relationship with re-allotment projects; (c) estimation of compensation costs; (d) an annual bias of CP budgets to account for rising costs; (e) contingency measures; and (f) criteria for CP (ex-post) evaluation.     

环境民事法律责任与环境损害赔偿

环境民事责任是环境法律责任的一种形式,是解决和处理环境损害赔偿中重要的法律依据。     

实施跨界水环境补偿的探讨——对《水污染防治行动计划》中“实施跨界水环境补偿”的解读

针对《水污染防治行动计划》提出"实施跨界水环境补偿"的要求,文章总结分析了国内外已开展的水环境补偿实践情况,表明实施水环境补偿对跨界水质改善具有较好作用;从宏观层面分析了在我国推广跨界水环境补偿面临的主要困境与问题,并从政策、资金等方面提出了相关建议,为下阶段我国推广实施跨界水环境补偿提供参考。     

关于国际油污赔偿基金组织索赔手册

介绍了国际油污赔偿基金组织索赔手册的主要内容，包括法律框架、索赔的提出以及可以得到的赔偿等。     

新西兰无过失伤害的预防、康复和赔偿体制介绍

新西兰意外赔偿局(ACC),是管理新西兰意外事件赔偿的政府机构。ACC计划是对在新西兰境内的公民、居民或临时来访的人提供受伤赔偿的服务。每年在复原、治疗和酬劳补偿等方面要花费十几亿元,为了保证这些服务,ACC从劳动者的薪金、燃油税、政府赞助和投资收入等方面来支付赔偿金,不同行业的工伤赔偿申请比率也不同。另外,ACC建立了培训基金,代替雇主负责对员工的安全与健康培训。虽然这一体制正面临一些私有化和费用不断增加的挑战和困难,但总体来说,ACC体制是适合新西兰的一个优良的方案,比其他国家的体制在管理效率和雇主利益等方面明显显示出优势。     

Compensatory behaviour after displacement in migratory birds

Using a meta-analysis approach we re-analysed orientation cage experiments with displaced migrants found in the literature. A rather large proportion of the orientation experiments showed directional shifts after displacements, indicating ability for birds to detect and react on such displacements. There was a clear difference between overcast and experiments where birds had a view of the starry sky. In experiments under a starry sky, the birds compensated the displacements, whilst under overcast unaltered or reverse orientations were generally displayed. This indicates a role for the stars to be involved in detection of the changes in position. Such a role of celestial cues is further stressed by the results of several studies manipulating a planetarium sky. Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

生态补偿研究现状与进展

回顾和总结了国外生态补偿理论研究和实践发展状况,指出为我国建立生态补偿机制的借鉴作用,分析了我国生态补偿研究现状和实践进程。得出我国生态补偿在理论和实践层面还有需要加强和完善之处,最后提出我国生态补偿研究的主要方向。