Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of porous La–N–co-doped TiO2 nanotubes for gaseous chlorobenzene oxidation

The photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous chlorobenzene(CB) by the 365 nm-induced photocatalyst La/N–Ti O2, synthesized via a sol–gel and hydrothermal method, was evaluated. Response surface methodology(RSM) was used to model and optimize the conditions for synthesis of the photocatalyst. The optimal photocatalyst was 1.2La/0.5N–Ti O2(0.5) and the effects of La/N on crystalline structure, particle morphology, surface element content, and other structural characteristics were investigated by XRD(X-ray diffraction), TEM(Transmission Electron Microscopy), FTIR(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), UV–vis(Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy), and BET(Brunauer Emmett Teller). Greater surface area and smaller particle size were produced with the co-doped Ti O2 nanotubes than with reference Ti O2. The removal of CB was effective when performed using the synthesized photocatalyst,though it was less efficient at higher initial CB concentrations. Various modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic models involving the adsorption of chlorobenzene and water on different active sites were evaluated. Fitting results suggested that competitive adsorption caused by water molecules could not be neglected, especially for environments with high relative humidity. The reaction intermediates found after GC–MS(Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) analysis indicated that most were soluble, low-toxicity, or both. The results demonstrated that the prepared photocatalyst had high activity for VOC(volatile organic compounds) conversion and may be used as a pretreatment prior to biopurification.     

固定源排气中氮氧化物的测定

由于没有单独测定二氧化氮的方法标准、二氧化氮标准气体和测定二氧化氮便携式(电化学传感器)仪器标准,目前不能利用标准气体评价二氧化氮便携式(电化学传感器)仪器的性能;但是,可采用将NO2还原成NO后用化学发光法、非分散红外线法或电化学传感器法测定氮氧化物。     

格网尺度下延安市生态服务价值时空演变格局与分异特征——基于退耕还林工程的实施背景

在退耕还林工程背景下,以退耕还林实施后生态效果较显著的延安市为研究对象,基于解译的三期影像数据,通过土地利用转移矩阵,在2 km×2 km的格网尺度下测算延安市不同土地利用类型的生态服务价值（ESV）,并结合空间探索性数据分析,探讨ESV的不同土地利用类型转移的时间变化特征及空间转移的关联性和异质性。延安市的实证分析显示：（1）1990-2015年间,ESV的增减主要发生在耕地、林地和草地之间,林地和草地ESV合计转入21.29亿元,且转入量主要发生在退耕还林工程实施之后;（2）生态服务功能主要由林地和草地提供,ESV的时间变化经历了先下降后上升的过程,退耕还林工程的实施促进ESV的增长,2001-2015年间增长了5.34%;（3）空间探索性分析显示,ESV在格网尺度下呈现出显著的“南高北低”分布格局,并在空间上表现出正向的集聚性和依存性,ESV的高高集聚和低低集聚效果比较明显,并且高高集聚区与林地、草地的空间分布相吻合,低低集聚区与耕地、城乡建设用地的空间分布相吻合。整体而言,延安市土地利用类型转移和ESV的增减变化与推行退耕还林工程在时间上呼应、在空间上匹配,政府主导的退耕还林工程对生态环境恢复与保护起到显著的积极作用。因此,对于不同土地利用类型的生态服务功能,以耕地为主的北部地区应在基本农田保护制度基础上,注重农业生产与生态效益平衡,而林草资源丰富的南部地区则继续发挥生态屏障的调节作用。     

Application of random pore model for SO2 removal reaction by CuO

In this work, mathematical modeling of SO₂ removal reaction with CuO was accomplished by the random pore model. The partial differential equations, describing the reaction of a gaseous reactant with a single pellet and also a packed bed of solid reactant, were solved by the finite element method. The results of modeling consist of CuO conversion-time profiles at different temperatures and SO₂ concentrations, and also break through curves which were compared with the literature experimental data in a good accuracy. The rate constants were estimated from the initial slope of the conversion-time curves, and the product layer diffusivities were evaluated from the whole conversion-time profiles.     

大港油田含油污泥热解处理实验研究

采用热解法对含油污泥进行处理.经过筛选,选取活性白土作为催化剂,分别研究反应时间、反应温度、加热速率和氮气吹扫量对热解处理效果的影响.4个影响因素对液相收率的影响顺序为:氮气吹扫量＞反应温度＞反应时间＞加热速率;对反应转化率的影响顺序为:反应温度＞反应时间＞氮气吹扫量＞加热速率.实验理想的反应参数为:反应时间60min,反应温度490℃,加热速率4℃/min,氮气吹扫量90 mL/min.     

震灾保险的一种实用技术途径及其实施保障

本文提出一种独特的实用型震灾保险模式,通过烈度当量折合费率(CRPIE)的实时判定及延时承保机制(DIAM)的有效运行,对投保与灾后理赔进行科学、客观的动态调制,促成自然科学与社会科学的有机结合,从而可能使震灾保险所面临的一些难题得以解决,文中还从软科学的角度提出了对上述震灾保险新机制的实施保障。     

四氯化碳规模化转化技术的选择与评价

四氯化碳作为氟里昂的生产原料和一种破坏臭氧层物质面临淘汰。本文简要介绍了我国目前四氯化碳的生产和消费现状、四氯化碳的危害以及四氯化碳的各种转化技术,并对四氯化碳转化为一氯甲烷技术进行了经济和社会效益评价。结果表明,该转化技术具有显著的经济效益和社会效益,符合循环经济理念,具有工业推广价值。     

Temperature calibration formula for activated charcoal radon collectors

Radon adsorption by activated charcoal collectors such as PicoRad radon detectors is known to be largely affected by temperature and relative humidity. Quantitative models are, however, still needed for accurate radon estimation in a variable environment. Here we introduce a temperature calibration formula based on the gas adsorption theory to evaluate the radon concentration in air from the average temperature, collection time, and liquid scintillation count rate. On the basis of calibration experiments done by using the 25 m³ radon chamber available at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences in Japan, we found that the radon adsorption efficiency may vary up to a factor of two for temperatures typical of indoor conditions. We expect our results to be useful for establishing standardized protocols for optimized radon assessment in dwellings and workplaces.     

空气质量监测系统中浓度换算及相关校准问题的探讨

目前在城市空气质量自动监测系统中,多数使用美国进口仪器由于我国规定的空气质量标准状态与美国规定不同,带来了两国在空气质量监测结果表达上的差异,这种差异表现在污染物浓度的两种表示方法的换算上。对此问题及相关的仪器校准方法进行了讨论,提出了解决方法。     

Rural Households’ Attitude and Economic Strategies Toward the Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland Program (CCFG): A Case Study in Qira,China

The Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland Program (CCFG), which was initiated by the Chinese government in 1999, is a cropland retirement program with integrated objectives for ecological preservation and local development. The purpose of this article was to study the influencing factors of attitude and economic strategies in rural households toward the CCFG. Rural households’ knowledge, attitude and economic strategies toward the CCFG were investigated through a questionnaire survey in Qira, China. Influencing factors of attitude and strategies of households were analyzed using a logit model technique. The analysis indicated that household’s income level, environmental knowledge of the program, and program implementation were significant influencing factors in a household’s attitude toward the CCFG, while major influencing factors of household strategies were their regional background and availability of income generation sources. Meaningful association was not found between attitude and strategy choices. Rich households had more strategy choices, while poor households were usually confined to low input strategies with uncertain income. To sustain their livelihood, the poor need extra assistances in marketing, loan granting, employment training, information, and technical services.