PVC/PES-g-PEGMA共混膜的制备及其耐污染性能

首先将聚乙二醇单甲基甲醚酯(PEGMA)接枝到聚醚砜(PES)上得到PES-g-PEGMA,然后利用溶液共混的方法,将聚氯乙烯(PVC)与PES-g-PEGMA共混,通过溶剂-非溶剂扩散诱导相分离法(NIPS)制备PVC/PES-g-PEGMA共混膜。在此基础上对PVC/PES-g-PEGMA共混膜的断面和表面微观结构、水通量、截留率、机械性能及耐污染等性能进行测试,并采用接触角,含水率(EWC),X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)来表征PES-g-PEGMA的质量百分含量对PVC/PES-g-PEGMA共混膜亲水性的影响。结果表明,PVC/PES-g-PEGMA共混膜水通量,亲水性较纯PVC有很大程度的提高。耐污染性实验表明,随着PES-g-PEGMA的增加,耐污染性逐渐增强。实验结果同时也表明,该共混体系最佳共混比为7∶3。     

Short-term exposure of the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax to copper-based antifouling treated nets: Copper bioavailability and biomarkers responses

We studied if the levels of copper released from antifouling treated nets used in finfish mariculture could affect the immune defense mechanism and/or induce oxidative stress in Dicentrarchus labrax, after short term exposure in laboratory experiments. Dissolved copper concentration released from the treated nets, copper bioavailability and a set of biomarkers responses were measured. Biomarkers included hemoglobin concentration, activities of lysozyme, total complement, respiratory burst, glutathione S-transferase and acetycholinesterase and concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Results indicated elevated copper concentration in seawater (184 μg L⁻¹) but low concentration in muscle (1.5 μg g⁻¹) and liver (117 μg g⁻¹). Copper bioavailability was independent of copper complexes with dissolved organic carbon. However, formation of copper complexes with other matrices could neither be excluded nor justified. The released copper from the treated nets did not induce oxidative stress but affected the immediate immune defense mechanism of the exposed fish making them more easily vulnerable to diseases. Consequently, copper-based antifouling treated nets could be a risk factor for D. labrax health.     

Managing the Use of Copper-Based Antifouling Paints

Copper is the biocide of choice for present-day antifouling (AF) paints. It is also a major source of copper loading in to the marine environment and, as such, might cause local copper levels to exceed water quality criteria. The present study is multifaceted and looks into the overall impact of copper-based AF paints on copper concentrations along a 64-km stretch of the Indian River Lagoon and at Port Canaveral, Florida. This preliminary study is one of the first to outline issues and present background evidence on the current status of copper and copper-based AF usage in Florida and to address the need for management. Previous measurements of copper levels in these waters show a history of copper contamination close to marinas, boatyards, and at Port Canaveral that often exceed state and federal water quality standards. Further, we estimate that the total annual copper input into the Indian River Lagoon is between 1.7 tons/year (sailboats) and 2.1 tons/year (powerboats) from boats in 14 marinas. We estimate the copper input into Port Canaveral to be about 1.4 tons/year from seven cruise ships. A brief survey of marina operators and boat owners revealed attitudes and practices associated with AF paint usage that ranged from excellent to inferior. Management recommendations are made for a proactive approach to improving AF paint selection and application, assessing the environmental status of copper, and redefining existing management practices for sustainable AF paint usage and environmental health.     

光催化剂AgBr/Ag2MoO4@AgVO3的结构表征及其抗菌防污性能

目的制备新型的光催化复合材料,提高其光催化性能。方法通过水热法和原位生长法制备不同摩尔比的AgBr/Ag_2MoO_4@AgVO_3光催化剂。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)等一系列手段对所制备的光催化剂进行表征,并以可见光为光源,有机污染物罗丹明B(RhB)为降解对象,进行光催化活性测试,考察不同复合量的光催化剂对反应活性的影响。同时,以铜绿假单胞菌细胞、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌为模式菌,进行抗菌试验考察光催化剂的杀菌性能。结果该复合材料通过AgVO_3的(501)晶面、Ag_2MoO_4的(311)面和AgBr的(200)晶面紧密连接。在罗丹明B(RhB)溶液中加入该复合材料,120 min内降解率达到了94.9%,而纯AgVO_3的降解率为7.8%,说明复合后的材料光催化性能明显提高。此外,在光催化杀菌实验中,超过99.99%的大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌细胞均在90 min内被杀死。结论复合后的AgBr/Ag_2MoO_4@AgVO_3异质结光催化剂具有优异的光催化降解性能、杀菌性能和稳定性,该催化剂对于环境污染的治理以及海洋杀菌防污处理都起到一定的作用。     

Contribution of Pendant Ester Group Hydrolysis to the Erosion of Acrylic Polymers in Binders Aimed at Organotin-Free Antifouling Paints

Specific polymeric material applications as bioactive molecules delivery systems involve a strictly controlled degradation of polymer matrixes. One possibility to obtain a zero-order kinetic for small molecules release consists in a simple hydrolysis of ester groups contained in the macromolecular structure. The chemical degradation can lead to the continuous surface erosion of the formulated resins without loss of their mechanical properties and to a permanent activity of the delivery systems. Hydrolysis is a very well-known reaction in the case of organic molecules containing ester groups. The mechanism seems to be more complicated when ester groups are located in macromolecular structures. With the aim of antifouling applications, acrylic acid polymers bearing lateral ester groups of different chemical structures (hydrophilic, hydrophobic, hydrolyzable) have been prepared, characterized, and immersed in water, at pH 8, and their hydrolysis has been studied. Experimental data display two parameters, at least, which must be taken into account: the reactivity of the ester groups toward hydrolysis and the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of the polymer. The susceptibility of the acrylic polymers to hydrolysis has been compared to the erosion characteristics of the corresponding films. The results confirm that hydrolysis is necessary to obtain a regular degradation of the films without loss of mechanical properties. A relationship has been observed between the characteristics of hydrolysis and erosion for each studied polymer.     

GO-TiO2改性中空纤维膜的制备条件及抗污染性能研究

以氧化石墨烯(GO)与纳米二氧化钛(TiO_2)为改性剂,采用界面聚合法与抽滤吸附结合,对聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维超滤膜(简称原膜)进行表面改性,得到新型纳米改性膜(简称GO-TiO_2改性膜).研究改性膜的制备工艺条件及其对腐殖酸(HA)的吸附截留性能与抗污染特性.结果表明:(1)最佳制备工艺条件为:钛酸丁酯2 m L、GO 1 mg、间苯二胺1%(质量分数)、间苯二胺浸泡时间8 min、均苯三甲酰氯0.2%(质量分数)、均苯三甲酰氯浸泡时间10 min;(2)亲水性提高显著,亲水性表面为GO-聚酰胺-TiO_2复合结构,改性膜接触角由80.6°±1.8°下降到38.6°±1.2°;(3)抗污染性能提高明显.改性膜通量总衰减率由改性前的51.2%下降到35.6%,过滤周期约为原膜的2.5倍;反冲洗后膜通量恢复率由69%提高到96%.     

喷漆房循环水处理系统维护与管理

介绍了汽车涂装过程喷漆房典型的循环水处理系统,比较各种不同的油漆凝聚产品特性,总结了油漆凝聚产品的使用特点,也对循环水系统的维护,循环水的监测与管理过程中的细节等进行了阐述。在维护和管理过程中,首先需要选择合适的油漆凝聚产品,其次需要根据具体的情况正确地使用油漆凝聚产品,特别是要注意根据漆渣和循环水状态进行相应调整,及时完成喷漆房和循环系统的维护和清理工作。这样才能保证水的循环使用,实现喷房系统的正常运行。     

Improvement of the antifouling characteristics in a bioreactor of polypropylene microporous membrane by the adsorption of Tween 20

Surface modification by physical adsorption of Tween 20 was accomplished on polypropylene microporous membranes (PPMMs). Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR/FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the chemical and morphological changes on the membrane surfaces. Water contact angles and relative pure water fluxes were measured. The data showed that the hydrophilic performance for the modified membranes increased with the increase in the adsorption amount of Tween 20 onto the surface or into the pores of polypropylene microporous membranes. To test the antifouling property of the membranes by the adsorption of Tween 20 in a membrane bioreactor (MBR), filtration for active sludge was performed using synthetic wastewater. With the help of the data of water fluxes and the FE-SEM photos of the modified PPMMs before or after operating in a MBR for about 12 d, the PPMMs with monolayer adsorption of Tween 20 showed higher remained flux and stronger antifouling ability than unmodified membrane and other modification membranes studied.     

UIO-66改性聚酰胺正渗透复合膜的制备及性能研究

采用界面聚合方法将UIO-66纳米颗粒引入复合膜中制备出改性的聚酰胺复合膜,并利用傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）、X射线衍射光谱（XRD）和接触角仪等仪器对材料和复合膜进行测定表征.以去离子水为原料液,1mol/L氯化钠溶液为汲取液进行渗透性能测试.选取BSA及SA作为污染物进行污染实验,并利用自制探针,借助原子力显微镜（AFM）测定了污染物与膜面的微观作用力.研究发现,相较于原始的聚酰胺复合膜,当UIO-66材料的添加量为0.04wt%时,改性复合膜在FO模式下的纯水通量由10.28L/（m²·h）增大到13.67L/（m²·h）, PRO模式下纯水通量由17.68L/（m²·h）增大到20.41L/（m²·h）,渗透性能改善效果显著,并具有较好的选择性能.此外,污染实验发现相较于原始膜,改性复合膜的通量衰减趋势较缓且与污染物之间粘附力都较小,说明UIO-66改性聚酰胺复合膜的抗污染性能有所提升.     

海水抽水蓄能电站防污方案研究

为了给未来建设海水抽水蓄能电站提供防污解决方案,分析了海洋污损生物的附着过程及特点,以及海水抽水蓄能电站需要防污的部位,比较国内外现有的海洋污损生物的治理技术。得到了海水抽水蓄能电站水工建筑物、管道、水泵水轮机组及其辅助系统的防污方案。通过分析国内海水抽水蓄能电站防污的现状、存在的不足,展望了未来重点研究的方向,为国内海水抽水蓄能电站的建设提供参考。