上流式多级处理厌氧反应器（UMAR）处理棉浆黑液

棉浆黑液是高浓度有机废水,有较好的厌氧可生化性。利用上流式多级处理厌氧反应器处理棉浆黑液,容积负荷在14．4—24kg／（m^3·d）之间,平均COD去除率可达到80％,同时可产生沼气,具有很好的应用前景。     

Effect of Monosodium Methanarsonate Application on Cuticle Wax Content of Cocklebur and Cotton Plants

Leaf cuticle waxes were extracted from monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA)-resistant (R) and -susceptible (S) common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants at 0, 3, 5, and 7 days after treatment (DAT) following 1× and 2× MSMA applications. Wax constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection and compared to alkane and alcohol standards of carbon lengths varying from C21 to C30. Differences in waxes were calculated and reported as change per ng mm^2–1. Tricosane (C23) was found to increase following MSMA applications. All other alkanes decreased by 7 DAT, with some showing a linear effect over time in the R-cocklebur. Alcohol constituents were also observed to decrease by 7 DAT. Total arsenic in the extracted wax fraction was determined, with greatest quantities detected in the R-cocklebur. Wax changes are not believed to play a role in cotton tolerance, since changes in cuticle concentrations were minimal. Cocklebur resistance to MSMA is not due to cuticle constituents; the wax changes are a secondary effect in response to herbicide application.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soil under irrigated cotton farming systems in Vertisols of the Namoi Valley, north-western New South Wales, Australia

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) such as DDT and DDE have been detected in the surface 0.2 m of Vertisols in the lower Namoi Valley of north western New South Wales, Australia even though they have not been applied to crops since 1982. However, their presence in the deeper soil horizons has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to determine if OCPs were present to a depth of 1.2 m in Vertisols under irrigated cotton farming systems in the lower Namoi Valley of New South Wales. Soil was sampled from the 0-1.2 m depths in three sites, viz. the Australian Cotton Research Institute, ACRI, near Narrabri (149°36′E, 30°12′S), and two cotton farms near Wee Waa (149°27′E, 30°13′S) and Merah North (149°18′E, 30°12′S) in northern New South Wales, Australia. The OCPs detected and their metabolites were α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate, DDD, DDE, DDT and endrin. The metabolite DDE, a breakdown product of DDT, was the most persistent OCP in all depths analysed. Endosulfan sulphate was the second most persistent followed by endrin > α-endosulfan > β-endosulfan > DDT and DDD. DDT was sprayed extensively in the lower Namoi Valley up to the early 1980s and may explain the persistence of DDE in the majority of soil samples. Dicofol and Dieldrin, two OCPs previously undocumented in Vertisols were also detected. The movement of OCPs into the subsoil of Vertisols may occur when irrigation or rain transports soil colloids and organic matter via preferential flow systems into the deeper layers of a soil profile. Persistence of OCPs was closely correlated to soil organic carbon concentrations. The persistence in soil of OCP’s applied to cotton crops grown more than two decades ago suggests that they could enter the food chain. Their presence at depths of 1.2 m suggests that they could move into groundwater that may eventually be used for domestic and stock consumption.     

Fate of imidacloprid in soil and plant after application to cotton seeds

This study aimed to investigate the persistence of imidacloprid in soil after application to cotton seeds and to obtain a complete picture on the mass balance of this compound in soil and cotton plants. The study was carried out as a pot culture experiment under laboratory conditions using a Gaucho formulation containing ¹⁴C-labeled imidacloprid. Three treatments of cotton seeds were made in sandy loamy soil: live seeds grown in autoclaved soil, dead seeds put in live soil and live seeds grown in live soil. Results showed that total ¹⁴C recoveries decreased by time ranging 93.8–96.2, 77.1–88.4 and 53.5–62.4% of the applied radioactivity at 7, 14, and 21 d after application, respectively. The reduction in the extracted ¹⁴C from soil coincided with the increase of non-extracted ones. Levels of bound ¹⁴C was always less in autoclaved soil than in live ones. Results revealed also that only 1.8–6.8% of the applied ¹⁴C was taken up by the plants and fluctuated within the test period. ¹⁴C levels were higher in plants grown in autoclaved soil than those in live ones and the radioactivity tended to accumulate on the edges of cotton leaves. Most of the radioactivity in the soil extracts was identified as unchanged ¹⁴C-imidacloprid.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Comparative study on effect of blending,thermal barrier coating (LHR) and injector nozzle geometry on biodiesel-fuelled engines

Increased petroleum prices, increased threat to the environment from exhaust emissions and global warming have generated intense international interest in developing renewable and alternative non-petroleum fuels for internal combustion engines. Evolving suitable technology for addressing energy crisis creates a continued investigation into the search for sustainable and clean-burning renewable fuels. This work investigates suitability of different non-edible-derived biodiesels such as cotton seed oil methyl ester (COME), Honne oil methyl ester (HnOME) and Rubber seed oil methyl ester (RuOME) to four stroke, single cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. Engine tests were conducted to study the effect of fuel blending, thermal barrier coating (TBC) or Low Heat Rejection (LHR) and injector nozzle geometry on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of COME, HnOME and RuOME in the modified CI engine. Blends of biodiesels with diesel were varied from 20 to 80% in steps of 20%. Two thermal barrier coatings of partially stabilized zirconium (PSZ) and aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) were provided on the engine to make it fully adiabatic. Nozzle injectors of 3, 4 and 5 holes, with size of orifice varied from 0.2 to 0.3 mm size were selected for the study. It was concluded that B20 biodiesel blend, PSZ-coated engine and four hole nozzle injector of 0.2 mm size resulted in overall better engine performance with increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and reduced HC, CO, smoke emissions for the fuel combinations tested. Combustion analysis to study the effect of biodiesel blends, LHR coatings, injector nozzle geometry on the performance of the biodiesel-fuelled engine has been presented to give more insight into the behaviour of operation.     

综合防治棉铃虫的区域性技术体系研究

研究改进了棉铃虫中期预报方法；提出“一代监测、二代保顶、三代保蕾、四代保铃”为主的防治策略；研究制定适用于不同世代、不同水肥条件的科学防治指标，协调应用多种配套措施保护、利用自然天敌控害，系统监测和治理棉铃虫抗药性；利用棉花种质资源和品种的抗病、抗虫性；诱杀成虫；组建大面积综防技术体系。在１９９２～１９９５年棉铃虫猩獗发生的情况下，于河南省新乡县棉花病虫害综防示范区大面积实施后，有效控制了棉铃虫危害。     

Mechanistic Virtual Modeling: Coupling a Plant Simulation Model with a Three-dimensional Plant Architecture Component

The aim of this research is to integrate plant architectural modeling or “visualization modeling” and “mechanistic” or physiologically based modeling to describe how a real plant functions using a virtual crop. Virtual crops are life-like computer representations of crops based on individual plants and including the representation of the substrate on which the plants grow. The integration of a three-dimensional expression and the mechanistic model of plant development and growth requires the knowledge of the position of the organs along the different plant axes (the topology), their sizes, their forms, and their spatial orientation. The plant simulation model simulates the topology and organ weight or length. The superposition of spatial position and the topology produces the architecture of the plant. The association between sizes and organs creates what we refer to as the plant morphological model. Both components, the architectural model and the morphology model, are detailed in this paper. Once the integration is complete, the system produces a movie-like animation that shows the plant growing. The integrated model may simulate one or several plants growing simultaneously (in parallel). Visual capabilities make the proposed system very unique as it allows users to judge the results of the simulation the same way a farmer judges the situation of the crops in real life, by visually observing the field.     

阻燃纯棉织物的研究与发展

对阻燃纯棉织物的国内外研究现状、生产和应用中存在的问题，进行了论述，并提出了今后的发展方向     

棉田施用城市垃圾肥效果研究

棉田连续两年施用城市生活垃圾的增产效果及对土壤物理性质影响的试验结果表明，棉田配合施用城市生活垃圾与无机肥料，随着垃圾施用量及施用年限的增加，增产效果达显著与极显著水平，土壤忆隙度明显提高、容重明显降低。