Progress and challenges in consolidating the management of Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories

Effective management refers to the ability of a protected area or indigenous territory to meet its objectives, particularly as they relate to the protection of biodiversity and forest cover. Effective management is achieved through a process of consolidation, which among other things requires legally protecting sites, integrating sites into land‐use planning, developing and implementing management and resource‐use plans, and securing long‐term funding to pay for recurrent costs. Effectively managing all protected areas and indigenous territories in the Amazon may be needed to avoid a deforestation tipping point beyond which regional climatic feedbacks and global climate change interact to catalyze irreversible drying and savannization of large areas. At present, protected areas and indigenous territories cover 45.5% (3.55 million km²) of the Amazon, most of the 60–70% forest cover required to maintain hydrologic and climatic function. Three independent evaluations of a long‐term large‐scale philanthropic initiative in the Amazon yielded insights into the challenges and advances toward achieving effective management of protected areas and indigenous territories. Over the life of the initiative, management of sites has improved considerably, particularly with respect to management planning and capacity building, but few sites are effectively managed and many lack sufficient long‐term financing, adequate governance, support of nongovernmental organizations, and the means to withstand economic pressures. The time and money required to complete consolidation is still poorly understood, but it is clear that philanthropic funding is critical so long as essential funding needs are not met by governments and other sources, which could be on the order of decades. Despite challenges, it is encouraging that legal protection has expanded greatly and management of sites is improving steadily. Management of protected areas in other developing countries could be informed by improvements that have occurred in Amazonian countries.     

Using Multiple Antibiotic Resistance and land use characteristics to determine sources of fecal coliform bacterial pollution

Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) analysis and regression modeling techniques were used to identify surface water areas impacted by fecal pollution from human sources, and to determine the effects of land use on fecal pollution in Murrells Inlet, a small, urbanized, high-salinity estuary located between Myrtle Beach and Georgetown, South Carolina. MAR analysis was performed to identify areas in the estuary that are impacted by human-source fecal pollution. Additionally, regression analysis was performed to determine if an association exists between land use and fecal coliform densities over the ten-year period from 1989 to 1998. Land-use variables were derived using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and were used in the regression analysis.MAR analyses were conducted by comparing the frequency and patterns of antibiotic resistance found in Escherichia coli isolates derived from surface water samples and from sewage sources in the Murrells Inlet sewage collection system. The MAR results suggest that the majority of the fecal pollution detected in the Murrells Inlet estuary may be from non-human sources, including fecal coliforms isolated from areas in close proximity to high densities of active septic tanks.A MAR Index, which measures the frequency of antibiotic resistance, was calculated for each of twenty-three water samples and nine sewage samples. The antibiotic resistance pattern comparisons were performed using cluster analysis. Although the MAR indices indicated that several surface water sites had potential human-source contamination, the cluster analysis suggests that only one sampling site had MAR patterns that were similar to those found in the sewage samples. This site was in close proximity to several large pleasure boats as well as a sewage collection system lift station, but was not near areas with active septic tanks. The results of the regression analysis also suggest that sewage sources and rainfall runoff from urbanized areas may contribute to fecal pollution in the estuary.     

紫外线消毒中的光复活作用

近年来，紫外线消毒技术在水处理中得到了越来越广泛的应用，它主要是利用短波紫外对微生物的伤害作用，通过在DNA中形成环丁烷嘧啶二聚体，阻碍基因的正常复制，从而导致细菌失活。但是细菌体内的光裂解酶在远紫外光和可见光作用下能够使失活的细菌重新获得活性，这就是光复活作用。低压消毒设备处理后大肠杆菌表现出了一定的光复活能力，但中压消毒设备能够有效的抑制其光复活作用；而噬肺军团菌在低压和中压设备处理后都表现出了很强的光复活能力。在应用紫外线消毒技术时光复活作用的影响不容忽视。     

Stipulation of the criteria for the construction of eco agricultural county in China

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软式排球健身价值的研究

运用文献、调查访问、观察、实验、统计及分析等研究方法,对有、无排球技术基础学生的对比分析,探讨软式排球的健身价值。研究结果表明:软式排球较硬式排球技术更易学习掌握,更易在学生中组织比赛,有着很重要的健身价值。为使软式排球更具有健身和娱乐性,应在比赛中灵活制定比赛规则。     

凤眼莲根系分泌物对栅藻结构及代谢的影响

研究了凤眼莲（Ｅｉｃｈｈｏｒｎｉａ ｃｒａｓｓｉｐｅｓ）根系分泌物对栅藻（Ｓｃｅｎｅｄｅｓｍｕｓ ａｒｃｕａｔｕｓ Ｌｅｍｍ）超微结构及生长代谢的影响，结果显示，凤眼莲对栅藻有明显的克生作用，藻的数量逐步减少，栅藻生长受影响后，细胞中绿体片层肿用甚至解体，线粒体嵴消失，质膜、核膜受破坏，光合放氧化速度明显下降，可溶性蛋白折含量四天后４线下降，超氧阴离子（Ｏ２－）、丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）的含量上升，知值都     

UV/O3复合降解水中2,4-二氯酚的试验研究

以紫外光源为主要依托,变换反应器中的不同工艺条件,分别对紫外光、臭氧和紫外/臭氧三种不同于工艺条件对水中污染物2,4-二氯酚(2 ,4-DCP)的降解规律进行研究.结果表明,UV/O3复合对2,4-DCP的降解较UV、O3单独作用效果好;溶液的酸碱度影响UV/O3对2 ,4-DCP的降解;此外,溶液中含有细菌时,E. coli的杀灭效果仍表现为UV/O3＞O3＞UV.细菌的杀灭和2,4-DCP的降解均消耗羟基自由基,形成竞争反应,从而影响到2,4-DCP的降解效果.     

Discounting in the presence of scarce ecosystem services

The discount rate for cost-benefit analysis has to take account of future scarcity of ecosystem services in consumption and production. Previous literature focuses on the first aspect and shows the importance of the relative price effect, for given growth rates of consumption and ecosystem services. This paper focuses on intermediate ecosystem services in production and shows that for limited substitutability and a low growth rate of these ecosystem services, the growth rate of consumption, and thus the discount rate, declines towards a low value. Using a Ramsey growth model, the paper distinguishes three cases. If ecosystem services can be easily substituted, the discount rate converges to the usual value in the long term. Secondly, if ecosystem services can be easily substituted in production but not in consumption, the relative price effect is important. Finally, and most interestingly, if ecosystem services cannot be easily substituted in production, the discount rate declines towards a low value and the relative price effect is less important. Another part of the previous literature has shown that a declining discount rate is the result of introducing several forms of uncertainty, but this paper reaches that conclusion from an endogenous effect on the growth rate of the economy.     

船用E500钢在海水中阴极极化氢脆敏感性研究

目的研究阴极保护电位对E500钢在海水中氢脆敏感性的影响。方法采用慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT),同时利用三电极体系进行不同电位极化,并结合扫描电镜进行试样断口观察。结果随着阴极保护电位负移,E500钢在海水中的氢脆敏感性增加,阴极保护电位为-0.95 V(vs.SCE)时,拉伸试样出现脆性解理断裂特征,电位为-1.00 V时,E500钢断口呈脆性断裂特征。结论根据氢脆系数拟合曲线得出,当氢脆系数达到25%时,E500钢最负阴极保护电位应为-0.913 V。