浮床水蕹菜对养殖水体中营养物的去除效果研究

为研究浮床水蕹菜对池塘养殖水质的改善效果,于2007年6月至11月,在6个2000m2的标准养殖池塘进行了中试研究.3个池塘放养常规鱼类和部分名优鱼类,并利用浮床技术在水面上种植200m2的水蕹菜（Ipomoea aquatica）,另外3个池塘放养相同重量的常规鱼类作为对照塘.实验结果显示,种植塘的渔产量为1467k...     

不同工况蚯蚓人工湿地表层污泥处理效果

通过在传统污泥干化湿地中投加蚯蚓,研究了蚯蚓人工湿地处理污泥技术的可操作性;同时研究了不同污泥负荷48、65、80 kg·(m~2·a)~(-1)、不同蚯蚓投放密度0、0.43、0.54、0.65 kg·m~(-2)以及不同进泥频率等工况条件下,该模拟湿地装置表层污泥的脱水和稳定化效果.结果表明,通过设置入土深度为10 mm的挡板,能够提供蚯蚓在进泥期间的栖身之所,保证蚯蚓湿地的正常运行;蚯蚓的加入能够显著改善人工湿地污泥干化和稳定化的效能,使表层污泥脱氢酶活性(dehydrogenase activity,DHA)更低,含水率和VS分别下降了15%和10%左右,并且在0.65 kg·m~(-2)的蚯蚓投放密度下,蚯蚓人工湿地的稳定化效果最好.随着污泥负荷的增加以及进泥频率的降低,蚯蚓人工湿地运行效能会变差.     

Measuring bed shear stress along vegetated river beds using FST-hemispheres

The measurement of the bed shear stress along vegetated river beds is essential for accurately predicting the water level, velocity and solute and sediment transport fluxes in computational hydroenvironmental models. Details are given herein of an experimental and theoretical study to determine the bed boundary shear stress along vegetated river beds introducing a novel field measuring method, namely the FliessWasserStammtisch (FST)-hemispheres. Although investigations have been conducted previously for sedimentary channels using the FST-hemispheres, this preliminary study is thought to be the first time that such hemispheres have been used to investigate the bed shear stresses in vegetated channels. FST-hemispheres were first developed by Statzner and Müller [1989. Standard hemispheres as indicators of flow characteristics in lotic benthos research. Freshwater Biology 21, 445-459] to act as an integrated indicator of the gross hydrodynamic stresses present near the bed. Test and validation data were found to be at least of the same order of magnitude for the stresses predicted from literature for sedimentary channels, with this study establishing the commencement of a database of calibrated FST-hemisphere laboratory data for vegetated channel beds. In a series of experiments, depths ranging from 0.1 to 0.28m were considered, equating directly to comparable conditions in small rivers or streams. The results of this study provide a basis for enabling the FST-hemispheres to be used to evaluate the boundary shear stress for a wider range of applications in the future, including vegetated river beds.     

连片生态浮床对微污染河水的净化效果

选取漕桥河的支流庙尖浜作为实验河段,以睡莲(Nymphaea alba)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus Linn)和水芹(Oenan-the javanica(Blume)DC)作为微污染水体净化的浮床植物,研究连片生态浮床的净化能力随季节的变化和浮床面积对连片生态浮床净化能力的影响。结果显示,秋-冬-春季节内植物的净化能力随季节变化呈"U"型,相应的河水水质的变化呈一个倒置的"U"型;在一定营养负荷和植物正常生长状况下,沿水流方向,氮、磷含量随浮床面积的增加而降低——春季时,随浮床面积增加,菖蒲区对TN的去除率由8.6%增加到26.7%,TP的去除率由17.1%增加到58.2%,水芹区对TN和TP的去除率最高可达22.0%和28.0%。研究表明连片生态浮床是河道水质改善的有效可行的方法之一,可为太湖入湖河流的营养物质控制提供科学依据。     

CO2 storage capacity estimation: Methodology and gaps

Implementation of CO₂ capture and geological storage (CCGS) technology at the scale needed to achieve a significant and meaningful reduction in CO₂ emissions requires knowledge of the available CO₂ storage capacity. CO₂ storage capacity assessments may be conducted at various scales—in decreasing order of size and increasing order of resolution: country, basin, regional, local and site-specific. Estimation of the CO₂ storage capacity in depleted oil and gas reservoirs is straightforward and is based on recoverable reserves, reservoir properties and in situ CO₂ characteristics. In the case of CO₂-EOR, the CO₂ storage capacity can be roughly evaluated on the basis of worldwide field experience or more accurately through numerical simulations. Determination of the theoretical CO₂ storage capacity in coal beds is based on coal thickness and CO₂ adsorption isotherms, and recovery and completion factors. Evaluation of the CO₂ storage capacity in deep saline aquifers is very complex because four trapping mechanisms that act at different rates are involved and, at times, all mechanisms may be operating simultaneously. The level of detail and resolution required in the data make reliable and accurate estimation of CO₂ storage capacity in deep saline aquifers practical only at the local and site-specific scales. This paper follows a previous one on issues and development of standards for CO₂ storage capacity estimation, and provides a clear set of definitions and methodologies for the assessment of CO₂ storage capacity in geological media. Notwithstanding the defined methodologies suggested for estimating CO₂ storage capacity, major challenges lie ahead because of lack of data, particularly for coal beds and deep saline aquifers, lack of knowledge about the coefficients that reduce storage capacity from theoretical to effective and to practical, and lack of knowledge about the interplay between various trapping mechanisms at work in deep saline aquifers.     

人工生物浮床技术治理富营养化水体研究现状

本文综合介绍了人工生物浮床技术治理富营养化水体研究现状．其构建方式包括泡沫板栽培、人工蛭石袋栽培等；栽培植物多达八十余种；对TN、TP、COD、SS以及重金属等都取得了良好的去除效果；但对人工生物浮床治理富营养化水体的机理研究尚不够深入．文章认为人工生物浮床的良好综合效益使之可能成为治理富营养化水体技术的一个重要发展方向．     

The Brown Trout Population at Loch Fleet Eight Years After Liming

Abstract

At the start of the Loch Fleet Project in 1984, the Loch and the upper 7 km of its efferent stream were found to be devoid of trout (Salmo trutta) as a result of acidification. Following the liming treatments applied to the catchment, from 1986 the formerly toxic water quality conditions (pH ～ 4.5, calcium ～ 1 mgl^?1, elevated aluminium and heavy metal levels) were eliminated, and trout were reintroduced on two occasions, in 1987 and 1988. A total of 520 fish were stocked, at a combined density equivalent to 5.5 kg ha^?1. Surveys of the loch and stream populations were carried out annually until 1993 to monitor their development, using a range of techniques, including electrofishing, gill-netting, seine-netting, spawner trapping and mark-release recapture methods. Length and scale- analysis were used to investigate fish growth.

The trout population in Loch Fleet expanded rapidly as a result of natural spawning in the loch's main feeder stream, augmented by the use of an artificial spawning bed which was constructed at the loch outlet in 1990. in mid-1983 the stock density, estimated by mark-recapture census methods, had increased to 24.9 kg ha^?1. Poor recruitment in the years 1991–93, however, reduced the rate of expansion and resulted in a population comprising mainly older individuals. the poor recruitment in these years was not fully explained but was not caused by water quality and was most likely a result of fry washout by spring spates.

Fish growth rates were high initially and were estimated on the basis of the Elliott trout growth model to be optimal for the prevailing water temperature regime of the loch. By 1991, growth rates had fallen, probably as a result of competition for food, but showed signs of recovery towards the end of the study period in 1993, following the period of lower population densities of young fish.

Trout rapidly repopulated the loch's outlet stream after 1987 but have remained sparse and have shown no signs of spawning within most of the stream. Water analyses have shown that the liming of the Loch Fleet catchment has minimal impact on downstream waters when flows are high, so that potentially toxic acid episodes have not been prevented.     

突发事件下城市群应急医疗床位共享建模

为给突发事件下城市群应急医疗床位共享提供理论依据,针对突发事件下城市群应急医疗床位共享问题,阐述突发事件下城市群应急医疗床位共享的必要性和可行性,并运用Multi-Hub理论,建立应急医疗床位在城市群集中的优化网络模型,并分析其内涵。在此基础上,采用基于层次分析法的线性回归方法,对多出救点、单个资源、多受灾点的应急医疗床位共享进行优化与讨论,并采用排队分配原则进行应急医疗床位具体去向的落实。研究结果表明:基于Multi-Hub理论的应急医疗床位区域集中优化模型与基于层次分析法的线性规划应急医疗床位调配优化模型,对突发事件下城市群应急医疗床位的共享具有优化和指导作用,能够提高突发事件下城市群应急医疗床位共享的效率,排队分配法能够在不超过医院容纳限度的前提下,保障应急救援的有序性和及时性。     

Sea level rise and eelgrass (Zostera marina) production: A spatially explicit relative elevation model for Padilla Bay, WA

The dynamics that govern the elevation of a coastal wetland relative to sea level are complex, involving non-linear feedbacks among opposing processes. Changes in the balance between these processes can result in significant alterations to vegetation communities that are adapted to a specific range of water levels. Given that current sedimentation rates in Padilla Bay, Washington are likely less than historical levels and that eustatic sea level rise is accelerating, the extensive Zostera marina (eelgrass) meadows in the bay may be at risk of eventual submergence. We developed a spatially explicit relative elevation model and used it to project changes in the productivity and distribution of eelgrass in Padilla Bay over the next century. The model is mechanistic and incorporates many of the processes and feedbacks that govern coastal wetland elevation change. Accretion estimates made using ²¹⁰Pb dating of sediment cores, sediment characteristics measured within cores, and eelgrass productivity and decomposition data were used to initialize and calibrate the model. Validation was performed using an elevation change rate measured with a network of surface elevation tables. Both the field data and model simulations revealed a net accretion deficit for the bay. Simulations using current rates of sea level rise indicated an overall expansion of eelgrass within Padilla Bay over the next century as it migrates from the center of the bay shoreward.     

滤床熟化周期及其主要影响因素的研究

阐述滤床熟化的概念及其形成机理,对影响熟化床层的因素进行了试验研究,结果表明进水浊度、混凝效果及洗砂量是影响熟化床层的主要因素。由于集成型给水处理设备的表面滤层一直处于熟化状态,而滤层水流方向的深处滤料始终处于清洁状态,砂滤器内始终保持一种动态的平衡关系,滤床运行在熟化后的有效过滤期,因而能够保证较高的出水水质。