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排序方式: 共有146条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
多溴代二苯醚化合物的研究进展 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
多溴代二苯醚(PBDEs)作为防火阻燃剂,在世界范围内被广泛应用,它是一种环境内分泌干扰物,类似于甲状腺素T3、T4。现有的研究认为,PBDEs具有生物累积性。并影响甲状腺,神经和免疫等系统。该文主要对现有的PBDEs研究进展进行了总结,并着重介绍了PBDEs的毒性,以及对人类和生物体的暴露水平及其相关的分析方法。 相似文献
2.
Boris N. Porfiriev 《Environmental management》1996,20(1):25-33
An analysis is presented of the environmental effects of the most serious radiation accident recorded after Chernobyl, which
occurred in the formerly secret town of Tomsk-7 in Siberia, Russia, on 6, April 1993. Fortunately, it appears not to have
become a major industrial crisis or disaster. The causes of the accident are described. It is argued that a mixture of both
objective and subjective prerequisites, including specific human, organizational, and technological factors, were responsible
for the explosion or directly facilitated it. The Tomsk-7 accident's ecological, medical, social, and psychological consequences
are discussed. 相似文献
3.
Jean-Franois Viel Elisabeth Cardis Monika Moissonnier Ren de Seze Martine Hours 《Environment international》2009,35(8):1150-1154
Information on the exposure of individual persons to radiofrequency (RF) fields is scarce, although such data are crucial in order to develop a suitable exposure assessment method, and frame the hypothesis and design of future epidemiological studies. The main goal of this survey is to assess individual RF exposure on a population basis, while clarifying the relative contribution of different sources to the total exposure. A total of 377 randomly selected people were analyzed. Each participant was supplied with a personal exposure meter for 24-hour measurements (weekday), and kept a time–location–activity diary. Electric field strengths were recorded in 12 different RF bands every 13 s. Summary statistics were calculated with the robust regression on order statistics method. Most of the time, recorded field strengths were not detectable with the exposure meter. Total field, cordless phones, WiFi-microwave, and FM transmitters stood apart with a proportion above the detection threshold of 46.6%, 17.2%, 14.1%, and 11.0%, respectively. The total field mean value was 0.201 V/m, higher in urban areas, during daytime, among adults, and when moving. When focusing on specific channels, the highest mean exposure resulted from FM sources (0.044 V/m), followed by WiFi-microwaves (0.038 V/m), cordless phones (0.037 V/m), and mobile phones (UMTS: 0.036 V/m, UMTS: 0.037 V/m). Various factors, however, contributed to a high variability in RF exposure assessment. These population-based estimates should therefore be confirmed by further surveys to better characterize the exposure situation in different microenvironments. 相似文献
4.
Steen Solvang Jensen Tim Larson K.C. Deepti Joel D. Kaufman 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(30):4544-4556
We evaluated the Danish AirGIS air quality and exposure model system using air quality measurement data from New York City in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution (MESA Air). Measurements were used from three US EPA Air Quality System (AQS) monitoring stations and a comprehensive MESA Air measurement campaign including about 150 different locations and about 650 samples of about 2 week measurements of NOx, NO2 and PM2.5. AirGIS is a deterministic exposure model system based on the dispersion models Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM) and the Urban Background Model (UBM). The UBM model reproduced the annual levels within 1–26% depending on station and pollutant at the three urban background EPA monitor stations, and generally reproduced well the seasonal and diurnal variation. The full model with OSPM and UBM reproduced the MESA Air measurements with a correlation coefficient of r2 = 0.51 for NOx, r2 = 0.28 for NO2 and r2 = 0.73 for PM2.5. 相似文献
5.
Comparison of manufactured and black carbon nanoparticle concentrations in aquatic sediments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Koelmans AA Nowack B Wiesner MR 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(4):1110-1116
In this paper, we show that concentrations of manufactured carbon-based nanoparticles (MCNPs) in aquatic sediments will be negligible compared to levels of black carbon nanoparticles (BCNPs). This is concluded from model calculations accounting for MCNP sedimentation fluxes, removal rates due to aggregation or degradation, and MCNP burial in deeper sediment layers. The resultant steady state MCNP levels are compared with BCNP levels calculated from soot levels in sediments and weight fractions of nanosized fractions of these soot particles. MCNP/BCNP ratios range from 10−7 to 10−4 (w:w). This suggests that the often acclaimed effect of MCNPs on organic pollutant binding and bioavailability will likely be below the level of detection if natural BCNPs are present, even if binding to MCNP is one to two orders of magnitude stronger than to BCNPs. Furthermore, exposure and toxic effects of MCNPs in sediments and soils will be negligible compared to that of BCNPs. 相似文献
6.
Heinz Rüdel Winfried Schröder Karl Theo von der Trenck Gerhard Andreas Wiesmüller 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(5):486-498
Background Due to the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive and other legal regulations (e.g., national laws like the German
Federal Soil Protection Act), but also due to the implementation of the new EU chemicals management system REACH, environmental
monitoring will gain increasing importance for the surveillance of environmental quality as well as for the assessment of
chemicals. Against this background, the Work Group on ‘Environmental Monitoring’ of the Division of ‘Environmental Chemistry
and Ecotoxicology’ within the German Chemical Society has compiled a position paper on substance-related environmental monitoring.
Scope Core elements of this position paper are the definitions of important terms like monitoring, exposure monitoring, effect monitoring,
and integrated monitoring. Moreover, temporal and spatial aspects (monitoring of spatial distributions, trend monitoring,
and retrospective monitoring) and their applications are discussed. The main focus of this position paper is the coverage
of aspects which have to be observed for the preparation and implementation of a monitoring program. Essential is the clear
specification of the targets of the monitoring which determine the development of the monitoring concept and its realization,
e.g., if environmental media (compartments) or organisms are most appropriate as samples for the aim of the study. Of course,
also the properties of the target substances are important (e.g., lipophilicity/bioaccumulation as pre-requisite for an exposure
monitoring with organisms). Finally, the monitoring phases of sample planning, sampling, storage and transport of samples,
selection of analytical methods, quality assurance measures as well as reporting are discussed.
Perspectives An important issue for the future is to link the quantification of chemicals in environmental compartments (exposure and pollution
monitoring) more closely to the study of biological effects (effect monitoring) than has been the case up to now. Furthermore,
by inclusion of a spatial differentiation, a comprehensive evaluation of the state of an ecosystem can be obtained and the
relevance of the results improved. Practical examples of monitoring studies which illustrate various aspects covered in this
position paper will be presented in a series of publications by members of the Work Group in the following issues of this
journal.
相似文献
Gerhard Andreas WiesmüllerEmail: |
7.
On experimental setup in bioelectromagnetics 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Bioeffects created by electromagnetic field (EMF) are the subject of intensive studies. This paper critically considers estimations
of exposure to EMF in bioelectromagnetic experiments. Results of calculations presented herein show the significant role of
the presence of conducting bodies (the exposure system) near an object under test on EMF energy absorption as well as mutual
interactions between simultaneously exposed objects. Our aims herein are twofold: firstly to find a way to refer measurement
results to free-space conditions in order to enable comparison of results obtained in different laboratories, and secondly
to show that EMF energy absorption in any exposed object is different and that this difference is a function of the size of
the exposure system, the number of exposed objects, and the particular properties (i.e., the electromagnetic structure) of
the objects. In the authors’ opinion the existence of interactions caused by the presence of the exposure system and other
exposed objects is a reason why remarkable differences are observed between experiments performed even under supposedly identical
conditions. The presented considerations and conclusion suggest wider participation of physicists and engineers in bioelectromagnetic
experiments in order to ensure the correctness of metrological aspects of these experiments. 相似文献
8.
Anders E. af Wåhlberg Author Vitae Lisa Dorn Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(3):197-201
Problem
Various indicators of health have been shown to be associated with traffic crash involvement. As general health is also related to absence from work, the latter variable may be more strongly related to crashes, especially for professional drivers.Method
Bus driver absence from work was analyzed in association with their crash records. Two British samples and one Swedish sample were used.Results
One of the British samples yielded fair correlations between crash record and absence, while for the other the effect was restricted to the first three months of driving. The Swedish data had effects in the expected direction but these were not significant.Discussion
The use of an indirect, overall measurement of health, may be a viable method for predicting the traffic crash involvement for professional drivers, although replications are needed in larger samples and other populations.Impact on industry
The use of absence records for the identification of at risk drivers would seem to be a simple and useful method for companies with major fleets, and it also shows the importance of promoting employee health and well being at work as a potential method of reducing the cost, not only of absenteeism, but also of crashes in company vehicles. 相似文献9.
Ali-Khodja H Belaala A Demmane-Debbih W Habbas B Boumagoura N 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,138(1-3):219-231
Total suspended particulate matter and deposition fluxes of particles were investigated in the town of Didouche Mourad which
is located 13 km north of Constantine. Samples of air particulate matter were collected at one site located in the heart of
the town and situated 3 km north of a cement plant. Samples were collected from 2 November 2002 to 28 April 2003 every 3 days
using a high volume air sampler. Sampling intervals were 24 h in all cases. During the same period, samples of dust fallout
were collected at the same site. Samples were collected at 30-day intervals. Lead, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, cobalt
and cadmium deposition fluxes were measured and both the soluble and insoluble fractions were determined. Furthermore, the
information gathered by this study was correlated with the corresponding hourly weather data provided by a weather station
installed at the study station. The possible sources for dust and trace metals were analyzed by comparing average contributions
of wind aspects to the concentrations and depositions of mass and chemical species with the average frequencies of wind direction.
The mean concentration was 300 μg/m3. The average dust deposition rate through the period of study was 221 mg/(m2.day). Results indicate that anthropogenic sources contribute greatly to trace elements. An exposure assessment to the heavy
metals taking into account the inhalation route and soil dust ingestion was carried out and allowed direct comparison of trace
metal intakes via these routes. 相似文献
10.
The sensitivity of an integrated model to assess the potential for wind-borne spread of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) to variations
in key parameters controlling different physical and biological processes was evaluated. The estimated number of farms at
risk is sensitive to the virus strain used and the accompanying effective contact rate. The C Noville strain increased the
estimated number of exposed farms ranked as high and medium risk of being infected by a factor of 5, compared to the baseline,
based on the O UKG 2001 strain. The inclusion of a model for biological ageing of the virus can also have a significant effect
on the concentration patterns arising from transport and dispersion of the virus. Its inclusion has the practical advantage
of markedly reducing the time required for the calculations. The estimated number of farms affected by exposure to high and
medium virus concentrations is not grossly sensitive to attenuation caused by temperature or relative humidity effects. Changes
in susceptibility to infection, as determined by the parameter θ in the exposure-risk model, does not change the configuration of the virus plumes, but it does change the distribution of
farms at risk by risk category. These findings suggest that a good understanding of characteristics (excretion rates from
infected animals, susceptibility of different species to infection, virus survival, etc.) of the virus strain involved in
an FMD outbreak is necessary to provide a reliable assessment of the risk of wind-borne spread. In the event of an incursion
of FMD, provision for laboratory studies on the virus will be an essential component of the disease response and should be
factored into contingency plans.
相似文献
X. YangEmail: |