论三峡库区城市污水、垃圾处理市场化

论述了用市场化模式解决三峡库区城市污水处理场和垃圾处理场的建设和运营问题，并提出了市场化的总体架构。     

Assessment of population exposure to particulate matter pollution in Chongqing, China

To determine the population exposure to PM(10) in Chongqing, China, we developed an indirect model by combining information on the time activity patterns of various demographic subgroups with estimates of the PM(10) concentrations in different microenvironments (MEs). The spatial and temporal variations of the exposure to PM(10) were illustrated in a geographical information system (GIS). The population weighted exposure (PWE) for the entire population was 229, 155 and 211 microg/m(3), respectively, in winter, summer and as the annual average. Indoor PM(10) level at home was the largest contributor to the PWE, especially for the rural areas where high pollution levels were found due to solid fuels burning. Elder people had higher PM(10) exposure than adults and youth, due to more time spent in indoor MEs. The highest health risk due to particulate was found in the city zone and northeast regions, suggesting that pollution abatement should be prioritized in these areas.     

Fault detection and diagnostics of a three-phase separator

A high demand of oil products on daily basis requires oil processing plants to work with maximum efficiency. Oil, water and gas separation in a three-phase separator is one of the first operations that are performed after crude oil is extracted from an oil well. Failure of the components of the separator introduces the potential hazard of flammable materials being released into the environment. This can escalate to a fire or explosion. Such failures can also cause downtime for the oil processing plant since the separation process is essential to oil production. Fault detection and diagnostics techniques used in the oil and gas industry are typically threshold based alarm techniques. Observing the sensor readings solely allows only a late detection of faults on the separator which is a big deficiency of such a technique, since it causes the oil and gas processing plants to shut down.A fault detection and diagnostics methodology for three-phase separators based on Bayesian Belief Networks (BBN) is presented in this paper. The BBN models the propagation of oil, water and gas through the different sections of the separator and the interactions between component failure modes and process variables, such as level or flow monitored by sensors installed on the separator. The paper will report on the results of the study, when the BBNs are used to detect single and multiple failures, using sensor readings from a simulation model. The results indicated that the fault detection and diagnostics model was able to detect inconsistencies in sensor readings and link them to corresponding failure modes when single or multiple failures were present in the separator.     

Review of Pesticide Retention Processes Occurring in Buffer Strips Receiving Agricultural Runoff1

Arora, Kapil, Steven K. Mickelson, Matthew J. Helmers, and James L. Baker, 2010. Review of Pesticide Retention Processes Occurring in Buffer Strips Receiving Agricultural Runoff. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(3):618-647. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00438.x Abstract: Review of the published results shows that the retention of the two pesticide carrier phases (runoff volume and sediment mass) influences pesticide mass transport through buffer strips. Data averaged across different studies showed that the buffer strips retained 45% of runoff volume (ranging between 0 and 100%) and 76% of sediment mass (ranging between 2 and 100%). Sorption (soil sorption coefficient, K_oc) is one key pesticide property affecting its transport with the two carrier phases through buffer strips. Data from different studies for pesticide mass retention for weakly (K_oc < 100), moderately (100 < K_oc < 1,000), and strongly sorbed pesticides (K_oc > 1,000) averaged (with ranges) 61 (0-100), 63 (0-100), and 76 (53-100) %, respectively. Because there are more data for runoff volume and sediment mass retention, the average retentions of both carrier phases were used to calculate that the buffer strips would retain 45% of weakly to moderately sorbed and 70% of strongly sorbed pesticides on an average basis. As pesticide mass retention presented is only an average across several studies with different experimental setups, the application of these results to actual field conditions should be carefully examined.     

Spatial distribution of soil radon as a tool to recognize active faulting on an active volcano: the example of Mt. Etna (Italy)

This study concerns measurements of radon and thoron emissions from soil carried out in 2004 on the eastern flank of Mt. Etna, in a zone characterized by the presence of numerous seismogenic and aseismic faults. The statistical treatment of the geochemical data allowed recognizing anomaly thresholds for both parameters and producing distribution maps that highlighted a significant spatial correlation between soil gas anomalies and tectonic lineaments. The seismic activity occurring in and around the study area during 2004 was analyzed, producing maps of hypocentral depth and released seismic energy. Both radon and thoron anomalies were located in areas affected by relatively deep (5-10 km depth) seismic activity, while less evident correlation was found between soil gas anomalies and the released seismic energy. This study confirms that mapping the distribution of radon and thoron in soil gas can reveal hidden faults buried by recent soil cover or faults that are not clearly visible at the surface. The correlation between soil gas data and earthquakes depth and intensity can give some hints on the source of gas and/or on fault dynamics.     

故障树可视化分析系统

论述了自行研制设计的可视化故障树分析系统的功能及程序结构与设计原理。该系统由故障树生成、故障树分析计算、文件输出和系统管理 4个模块组成 ,可使故障树生成与分析变得非常直观而简便 ,只需用鼠标在屏幕上绘制出故障树图 ,系统就能自动识别并进行定性与定量分析。     

城乡接合部居民楼火灾风险评价及防控对策研究

为了准确探究城乡接合部居民楼火灾事故致因机理,预防与控制城乡接合部日常生产与生活过程中引发火灾事故的有效途径,建立信息面更全、实际性更强的火灾风险评估模型是目前行之有效的手段。基于湖南省某地发生火灾事故的实际情况,根据事故树分析法,以城乡接合部居民楼火灾事故为顶事件构建事故树,计算得到事故树的最小割集、最小径集和结构重要度,研究城乡接合部居民楼火灾事故的发生模式、致因因素及影响程度,为改善城乡接合部居民楼火灾安全提供重要的理论依据,并提出相应的防控措施及对策。     

极近距离煤层综放开采工作面覆岩“两带”发育规律研究

为深入研究极近距离煤层综放开采工作面覆岩“两带”的动态发育规律,采用理论推导、数值模拟和现场实测相结合的方法,分析袁店一矿824工作面覆岩“两带”的裂隙演化特征。结果表明：从岩层层向拉伸率角度,研究上覆岩层垮落带和导水裂隙带的垮落程度,考虑角度影响推导出岩层弯曲下沉边缘段变形前后的长度计算公式,根据覆岩的碎胀特征计算各岩层的最大下沉量,预测垮落带和裂隙带的范围分别为30.2～41.2 m和70.7～78.2 m;采用3DEC数值模拟分析该矿824工作面开挖后上覆岩层垮落的基本形态和裂隙分布规律,结合其应力、位移云图和监测线位移曲线的分布特征,得出垮落带和裂隙带的高度分别为32.50 m和77.25 m;采用分布式光纤应变监测系统,监测工作面前方80 m处上部顶板的受力情况,得出受采动影响的光纤应变呈起伏变化,且应变分布与地层岩性存在对应关系,得出垮落带高度约30.4 m,裂隙带高度约74.8 m,验证采用层向拉伸率和覆岩碎胀性2个方面来预测工作面覆岩“两带”高度的合理性,可为类似方面的研究与施工提供相应的技术依据。     

密云水库上游白河地表水质对不同空间尺度景观格局特征的响应

基于密云水库上游北京境内白河段9个监测断面的水质数据,利用多元统计分析方法分析不同空间尺度（100、200、300、500和1000 m）河岸带缓冲区土地利用景观格局特征与水质总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的关联性,识别水质对景观特征响应的最佳缓冲区尺度.结果表明,密云水库上游北京境内白河周边土地利用景观格局对水质的影响随着河岸缓冲区不同宽度的变化而不同,在河岸小尺度缓冲区表现得更明显,对水质TN和TP空间分异解释的最佳尺度分别为300 m和100 m河岸缓冲区.300 m缓冲区尺度,耕地斑块密度和草地聚集指数是影响河流TN的主要指数.100 m缓冲区尺度,城乡居民点面积比例对河流TP影响显著.该研究表明,优化河岸缓冲区300 m宽度范围内的景观格局,特别是耕地和林草地的合理配置提高农业景观的连通性和聚集度以及岸边城乡居民点面积与污染物排放控制,对于改善北京境内白河段河流水质的生态功能和保障密云水库饮用水安全十分重要.     

铁路安全预警系统的研究和实现

结合哈尔滨铁路局实际运营系统 ,基于事故树分析理论 ,探讨了铁路安全预警系统的实现。首先论述了事故树的建立方法和以事故树分析法为基础的铁路安全预警系统的核心算法 ,然后讨论了具体实现的数据结构和事故树编码方法 ,最后简要提出了铁路安全预警系统的系统设计思想