基于GRACE数据的中国水储量变化特征分析

论文以中国2003—2015年GRACE水储量数据、GLDAS-Noah地表蒸散发数据、地面实测降水数据为数据源,基于Theil-Sen Median 趋势分析和Mann-Kendall检验法,分析了中国水储量、降水量以及蒸散发量的变化趋势及相关关系,并利用经验正交函数（EOF）分析了中国水储量变化时空分布特征,结果表明：1） 2006年以后中国整体水储量年际变化剧烈,且降水和蒸散发可以识别水储量异常时段内的特征信息;2） 2003—2015年全国各地水储量、降雨量和蒸散发量变化空间分布差异明显;3） 全国共有18.6%的地区气候因素对水储量变化的方差解释量超过50%,主要位于中国东北、东南沿海、四川盆地、青海高原以及新疆西北部地区;4） EOF分解的GRACE水储量各主成分信息可以表征研究时段内中国地区整体和局部的水储量时空变化特征。     

基于多源数据的干旱监测指数对比研究——以西南地区为例

干旱作为一种时常发生的自然灾害,影响范围广,对农业和粮食安全、人类生活等有深远影响。目前常用的干旱监测指数,都有各自的优缺点,无法适用于所有类型的干旱。论文利用基于气象要素驱动数据集的SPI（Standardized Precipitation Index）、基于MODIS（Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）的ESI（Evaporative Stress Index）、ETI（Evapotranspiration Index）和基于GRACE（Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment）观测数据的水储量变化TWSC（Terrestrial Water Storage Changes）,对西南地区2005—2014年间的干旱情况进行分析,对比了几种不同数据源下的干旱监测指标的监测效果。结果表明：1）4种干旱监测指标对西南地区的干旱都较为敏感,其中6个月尺度的SPI（即SPI-6）与3个月尺度的ESI（即ESI-3）相关性相对最强（R²=0.431, P<0.01）;2）基于GRACE的水储量变化受全局性大干旱的影响较大,且秋冬比夏天的影响大;3）SPI-6、ESI-3、ETI-3能够较为准确地监测出干旱的空间分布及干旱过程中重心的移动,ETI-3在2009—2010年的干旱中有明显滞后,SPI-6则在干旱末期夸大干旱严重程度。     

基于GRACE卫星时变重力场模型的黄河中游地区水储量变化研究

论文以水循环发生巨大改变的黄河中游地区作为研究对象,利用GRACE卫星时变重力场模型以及黄河中游地区的水文数据,通过水循环系统的概化、子流域划分以及Mann-Kendall非参数检验等方法,对黄河中游地区以及各个子流域水储量变化进行研究。主要结论如下：近10 a,黄河中游地区水储量以年均3.79 mm等效水深的速度增加,而引起水储量增加的主要原因是该地区径流损失量减少,年均减少量超过2.93 mm等效水深;黄河中游地区水储量的空间变化差异性较大,水储量增加最大的区域是龙门—三门峡区间,年平均增加4.59 mm等效水深,而增加量较小的是三门峡—花园口区间,年平均增加2.71 mm等效水深,水储量增加居中的则是河口—龙门区间,年平均增加3.47 mm等效水深。     

气候变化与人类活动对陆地水储量的影响

陆地水储量(TWS)是气候变化的重要指示,研究TWS有助于理解气候变化是如何影响水资源的循环。本文用GRACE重力卫星数据与气象资料恢复了2002—2016年我国陆地水储量的时空分布变化,运用M-K趋势分析判断陆地水储量与气候数据的趋势,并将具有显著趋势的地域划分为10个关键区域,其中:松花江流域、长江中下游流域、珠江流域、三江源自然保护区及青藏高原中部TWS趋于增加(2.76—7.14 mm?a~(-1)),而华北平原、黄土高原、辽河流域、天山山脉及雅鲁藏布江流域陆地水储量趋于减少(-1.47—-8.93 mm?a~(-1))。TWS与气候数据、气候环流指数的Spearman相关性的结果表明:TWS的变化主要受气候变化影响,气候变化是造成陆地水储量变化的主要因素,但在人口密集区域,人类活动对TWS的影响也不可忽视,如华北平原过度汲取地下水是造成TWS减少的重要原因。     

Parameter Uncertainty Reduction for SWAT Using Grace,Streamflow, and Groundwater Table Data for Lower Missouri River Basin1

Abstract: This study incorporates the newly available Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) water storage data and water table data from well logs to reduce parameter uncertainty in Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) calibration using a SUFI2 (sequential uncertainty fitting) framework for the Lower Missouri River Basin. Model evaluations are performed in multiple stages using a multiobjective function consisting of multisite streamflow and GRACE water storage data as well as a groundwater component. Results show that (1) a model calibrated with both streamflow and GRACE data simultaneously can maintain the water balance for the whole basin, but may improperly partition surface flow and base flow. Additional inclusion of the groundwater constraint can significantly improve the model performance in groundwater hydrological processes. In our case, the estimation of specific yield of shallow aquifers has been increased to 10^?2 from previous much underestimated level (<10^?3). (2) The daily streamflow data are needed to confine the parameters related to water flow in channels such as the Manning’s coefficient, which are less sensitive to the monthly simulations. (3) Parameters are nonuniformly sensitive for different goal variables, and thus, proper specification of a prior distribution of parameters may be the key factor for global optimization algorithms to obtain stable and realistic model performance.     

Recent Ogallala Aquifer Region Drought Conditions as Observed by Terrestrial Water Storage Anomalies from GRACE

Recent severe drought events have occurred over the Ogallala Aquifer region (OAR) during the period 2011–2015, creating significant impacts on water resources and their use in regional environmental and economic systems. The changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS), as indicated by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), reveals a detailed picture of the temporal and spatial evolution of drought events. The observations by GRACE indicate the worst drought conditions occurred in September 2012, with an average TWS deficit of ~8 cm in the northern OAR and ~11 cm in the southern OAR, consistent with precipitation data from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project. Comparing changes in TWS with precipitation shows the TWS changes can be predominantly attributable to variations in precipitation. Power spectrum and squared wavelet coherence analysis indicate a significant correlation between TWS change and the El Nino‐Southern Oscillation, and the influence of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures on TWS change is much stronger in the southern OAR than the northern OAR. The results of this study illustrate the value of GRACE in not just the diagnosis of significant drought events, but also in possibly improving the predictive power of remote signals that are impacted by nonregional climatic events (El Nino), ultimately leading to improved water resource management applications on a regional scale. Editor’s note : This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series.