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本文根据石拐区实际,阐述了矿山开采造成的生态破坏与危害,分析了其产生原因,并以地面塌陷,煤矸石综合利用和生态恢复为重点,建立生态环境补偿机制为手段,建设生态经济为中心的生态恢复对策。 相似文献
2.
Solar energy conversion into electricity by photovoltaic modules is now a mature technology. We discuss the need for materials and device developments using conventional silicon and other materials, pointing to the need to use scalable materials and to reduce the energy payback time. Storage of solar energy can be achieved using the energy of light to produce a fuel. We discuss how this can be achieved in a direct process mimicking the photosynthetic processes, using synthetic organic, inorganic, or hybrid materials for light collection and catalysis. We also briefly discuss challenges and needs for large-scale implementation of direct solar fuel technologies. 相似文献
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Some of the literature pertinent to the interactions of birds of flight and man made obstacles, such as transmission lines is reviewed here. Some birds use these towers, poles, and buildings for nesting and perches. They also collide with them. Original observations presented here suggest that the environmental impacts of these types of obstacles on birds, and vice-versa, seem not due to the inability of the birds to perceive the obstacles, but rather that the birds are apparently distracted from a safe flight pattern by their own species, or by others.
Editor's Note: Although this paper is quite specialized in comparison with many other articles published in Environmental Management, I feel it is a very useful overview of the problems and the literature related to bird collisions with manmade obstacles. It is hoped that the information presented by the Willards will be helpful to other workers who are perhaps engaged in preparing environmental impact statements concerning structures that could invite bird collisions. 相似文献
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Impacts of climate change and CO2 increase on agricultural production and adaptation options for Southern Québec, Canada 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Jean-Phillipe Brassard Bhawan Singh 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(3):241-265
This study involves the assessment of the potential impacts of greenhouse gas climate change and changing ambient carbon dioxide
(CO2) levels on crop yields in Quebec, Canada. The methodology involves coupling the transient diagnostics of two Atmosphere-Ocean
General Circulation Models, namely the Canadian CGCM1 and the British HadCM3, to the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology
Transfer (DSSAT) 3.5 crop models to simulate current (1961–1990) and future (2040–2069) crop yields and changes. This is done
for four different crop species, namely spring wheat, maize, soybean, and potato, and for seven agricultural regions of Southern
Quebec. The results of this study focus on the main causative factors influencing crop yields, namely the direct CO2 fertilization effect, the influence of the increase in growing season temperature, including optimal thermal conditions and
acceleration in crop maturation, soil moisture availability, as influenced by precipitation and evapotranspiration, and nitrogen
uptake by crops. Our results show that crop yield changes may vary according to climate scenario, crop species, and agricultural
region. Consistent with other similar research, it would seem that these multiple causative factors very often seem to cancel
each other out and dilute the impacts of climate change on crop yields. 相似文献
6.
Mountain biking is an increasingly popular, but sometimes controversial, activity in protected areas. Limited research on its impacts, including studies comparing biking with hiking, contributes to the challenges for mangers in assessing its appropriateness. The impacts of mountain bike riding off trail were compared to those of hiking on subalpine grassland in Australia using a modification of a common trampling experimental methodology. Vegetation and soil parameters were measured immediately and two weeks after different intensities of mountain biking (none, 25, 75, 200 and 500 passes across slope, 200 pass up and down slope) and hiking (200 and 500 passes across slope). There were reductions in vegetation height, cover and species richness, as well as changes in species composition and increases in litter and soil compaction with riding. Riding up and down a moderate slope had a greater impact than riding across the slope. Hiking also affected vegetation height, cover and composition. Mountain biking caused more damage than hiking but only at high use (500 passes). Further research including other ecosystems, topography, styles of riding, and weather conditions are required, but under the conditions tested here, hiking and mountain biking appear to be similar in their environmental impacts. 相似文献
7.
There is abundant evidence that many factors can influence the toxicity of a particular pollutant including environmental fluctuations, season of the year, stage in life cycle, size, and sex. All of these factors should be assessed before making a judgment of the effect on natural populations. Such an assessment can be conceptualized using a simple population model through whichcontrol gates operate as functions of 1). the direct self-maintainance feedback from existing adult population biomass and 2). the recruitment of new individuals due to the maturation of larvae. By extracting general principles of organismic response to pollutants it is possible to incorporate the information into large-scale ecosystem models which would serve as working tools for answering environmental decision-making problems. 相似文献
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Davin Budreau Gordon McBean 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(7):1305-1320
Scientific evidence gathered over the past five years suggests that northern Canada and the Arctic have undergone, and are
undergoing, formidable environmental changes linked to global climate change. Environmental change in the north is expected
to persist and intensify over the course of the next century. When large-scale environmental changes take place, they inevitably
affect people, especially when the cultures and livelihoods of those people depend on their relationship with the environment.
Managing the local impacts of these changes is a matter of adaptation. This paper discusses some of the policy implications
of adaptation––government interventions aiming to build communities’ and regions’ capacities to adapt to environmental changes.
Three arguments for adaptive capacity building interventions in the north are discussed, and these arguments are augmented
by a comparative review of government reactions to the collapse of the cod fishery in Atlantic Canada. Reactive and proactive
policy approaches are discussed, and it is suggested from the comparison that proactive approaches to intervention are desirable
for building adaptive capacity.
相似文献
Gordon McBean (Corresponding author)Email: |
9.
In seeking to determine whether climate change mitigation strategies are effective, researchers and policy-makers typically use energy consumption as an indicator. UK government data show that energy use amongst the public is rising, despite measures to encourage energy conservation. Yet, research to date has not explicitly asked which actions the public are taking with the express intention of mitigating climate change. Using Stern's classification of impact-oriented and intent-oriented behaviour research, the research described in this paper examines both actions taken ‘out of concern for climate change’ and energy conservation practices amongst the UK public. The findings show a clear divergence between actions prescribed by policy-makers (i.e. energy conservation) and those taken by the public to mitigate climate change (e.g., recycling). Furthermore, those who take action to conserve energy generally do so for reasons unconnected to the environment (e.g., to save money). Regression analyses highlight the distinct determinants of these two behavioural categories. These findings imply that surveys using energy reduction as an indicator of public response to climate change falsely assume that these can be equated; consequently, they will provide a distorted picture of behavioural response. Possible reasons for the asymmetry of intentions and impacts, and policy implications, are discussed. 相似文献
10.
Integrating mitigation and adaptation into climate and development policy: three research questions 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The potential for developing synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation has become a recent focus of both climate research and policy. Presumably the interest in synergies springs from the appeal of creating win–win situations by implementing a single climate policy option. However, institutional complexity, insufficient opportunities and uncertainty surrounding their efficiency and effectiveness present major challenges to the widespread development of synergies. There are also increasing calls for research to define the optimal mix of mitigation and adaptation. These calls are based on the misguided assumption that there is one single optimal mix of adaptation and mitigation options for all possible scenarios of climate and socio-economic change, notwithstanding uncertainty and irrespective of the diversity of values and preferences in society. In the face of current uncertainty, research is needed to provide guidance on how to develop a socially and economically justifiable mix of mitigation, adaptation and development policy, as well as on which elements would be part of such a mix. Moreover, research is needed to establish the conditions under which the process of mainstreaming can be most effective. Rather than actually developing and implementing specific mitigation and adaptation options, the objective of climate policy should be to facilitate such development and implementation as part of sectoral policies. Finally, analysis needs to focus on the optimal use and expected effectiveness of financial instruments, taking into account the mutual effects between these instruments on the one hand, and national and international sectoral investments and official development assistance on the other. 相似文献