铟掺杂PbO2电极制备及电催化降解强力霉素

采用电沉积技术制备了铟掺杂PbO₂电极 （In-PbO₂）. 利用扫描电子显微镜 （SEM）、X射线衍射 （XRD）、循环伏安 （CV）、极化曲线 （LSV）、强化寿命试验和荧光光谱分析了铟掺杂对电极物理、电化学性能的影响,并考察了铟掺杂PbO₂电极对强力霉素模拟废水的电催化降解能力.结果表明,与未掺杂PbO₂电极相比, In掺杂后PbO₂电极表面更加平整致密,裂纹数量减少,晶粒明显细化,比表面积增加,产生羟基自由基的能力增强.当掺杂量为2g/L,制备的电极电化学性能最高,析氧电位最高（1.73V）,电极强化寿命从84h提高到148h.电解150min后,强力霉素降解率、TOC去除率、矿化电流效率（MCE）分别为98.2%、30.4%和3.01%,优于未掺杂PbO₂电极（90.1%、26.4 %、2.63%）.     

Linking energy scenarios with metal demand modeling–The case of indium in CIGS solar cells

Some renewable energy technologies rely on the functionalities provided by geochemically scarce metals. One example are CIGS solar cells, an emerging thin film photovoltaic technology, which contain indium. In this study we model global future indium demand related to the implementation of various energy scenarios and assess implications for the supply system. Influencing parameters of the demand model are either static or dynamic and include technology shares, technological progress and handling in the anthroposphere. Parameters’ levels reflect pessimistic, reference, and optimistic development. The demand from other indium containing products is roughly estimated. For the reference case, the installed capacity of CIGS solar cells ranges from 12 to 387 GW in 2030 (31–1401 GW in 2050), depending on the energy scenario chosen. This translates to between 485 and 15,724 tonnes of primary indium needed from 2000 to 2030 (789–30,556 tonnes through 2050). One scenario exemplifies that optimistic assumptions for technological progress and handling in the anthroposphere can reduce cumulative primary indium demand by 43% until 2050 compared to the reference case, while with pessimistic assumptions the demand increases by about a factor of five. To meet the future indium demand, several options to increase supply are discussed: (1) expansion of zinc metal provision (indium is currently a by-product of zinc mining), (2) improving extraction efficiency, (3) new mining activities where indium is a by-product of other metals and (4) mining of historic residues. Potential future constraints and environmental impacts of these supply options are also briefly discussed.