用规划方法安排干旱和半干旱地区的农田灌溉方案——以河北省曲周县冬小麦为例

为提高干旱和半干旱地区的水分利用率,本文提出用规划方法安排农田灌溉方案,并以河北省曲周县冬小麦为例说明有关问题的处理方法。用规划方法求出的灌溉方案增产效果是显著的,比目前生产上采用的“保灌水浇地”的传统灌溉方法增产18％左右。     

Environmental damage: distinguishing human from geophysical causes

Abstract

During the past two decades it has become increasingly common to attribute “naturala” disasters and other damaging environmental events to proximate or underlying causes that are socially produced. Through an examination of three cases, two of them historical, this paper demonstrates that underlying causes within the geophysical domain are also important. Few types of environmental damage or disaster stem from unalloyed human causes or geophysical ones; complex intermixtures are the rule.     

关于内蒙古河套灌区面源污染防治的几点建议

河套灌区的主体为后套平原,总土地面积为1万平方公里,主要为黄河冲积平原。由于化肥、农药的大量使用,致使河套地区地表水体和地下水氮、磷普遍超标。本文针对河套面源污染问题,提出了几点防治措施。     

提高GPS定位精度的群调度滤波算法*

为解决现行安全生产科技领域中全球定位系统（GPS）/惯性导航系统（INS）融合系统容易产生较大时变误差的关键问题,满足GPS定位信号的精度和信号数据处理时间的要求,提出1种群调度滤波算法,通过实验仿真,分别与模糊算法、机器学习算法及卡尔曼滤波网络算法进行比较研究。结果表明:群调度滤波算法兼顾了定位精度与数据处理时间,具有较大优势,可在航空安全、船舶安全、应急监测、灾后抢险等安全科技领域广泛应用。     

The dynamics of arsenic in four paddy fields in the Bengal delta

Irrigation with arsenic contaminated groundwater in the Bengal Delta may lead to As accumulation in the soil and rice grain. The dynamics of As concentration and speciation in paddy fields during dry season (boro) rice cultivation were investigated at 4 sites in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. Three sites which were irrigated with high As groundwater had elevated As concentrations in the soils, showing a significant gradient from the irrigation inlet across the field. Arsenic concentration and speciation in soil pore water varied temporally and spatially; higher As concentrations were associated with an increasing percentage of arsenite, indicating a reductive mobilization. Concentrations of As in rice grain varied by 2-7 fold within individual fields and were poorly related with the soil As concentration. A field site employing alternating flooded-dry irrigation produced the lowest range of grain As concentration, suggesting a lower soil As availability caused by periodic aerobic conditions.     

Olive oil mill wastewater for soil nitrogen and carbon conservation

In this work the application of two levels of N fertilizer (NH₄NO₃) dissolved in water or olive oil mill wastewater (OOMW) diluted 10 or 20 times in water, has been studied in relation to the properties of two soils (Loam and Silt-Clay-Loam). Also, the effect of irrigation water bubbled with CO₂ (Dissolved Inorganic Carbon, DIC) was studied. Nitrate N, ammonium N, total N, organic C (OC), and CaCO₃ contents were determined in the soil as well as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), and absorbance at 250 and 360 nm.     

Accelerated seeded precipitation pre-treatment of municipal wastewater to reduce scaling

Membrane based treatment processes are very effective in removing salt from wastewater, but are hindered by calcium scale deposit formation. This study investigates the feasibility of removing calcium from treated sewage wastewater using accelerated seeded precipitation. The rate of calcium removal was measured during bench scale batch mode seeded precipitation experiments at pH 9.5 using various quantities of calcium carbonate as seed material. The results indicate that accelerated seeded precipitation may be a feasible option for the decrease of calcium in reverse osmosis concentrate streams during the desalination of treated sewage wastewater for irrigation purposes, promising decreased incidence of scaling and the option to control the sodium adsorption ratio and nutritional properties of the desalted water. It was found that accelerated seeded precipitation of calcium from treated sewage wastewater was largely ineffective if carried out without pre-treatment of the wastewater. Evidence was presented that suggests that phosphate may be a major interfering substance for the seeded precipitation of calcium from this type of wastewater. A pH adjustment to 9.5 followed by a 1-h equilibration period was found to be an effective pre-treatment for the removal of interferences. Calcium carbonate seed addition at 10 g l⁻¹ to wastewater that had been pre-treated in this way was found to result in calcium precipitation from supersaturated level at 60 mg l⁻¹ to saturated level at 5 mg l⁻¹. Approximately 90% reduction of the calcium level occurred 5 min after seed addition. A further 10% reduction was achieved 30 min after seed addition.     

我区城市污水处理程度探讨

建立城市污水处理厂处理污水,是城市发展的必然趋势,而处理级别及处理后水的去向及用途是关系到环境保护和资源得到充分利用的关键,针对我区干旱缺水,灌溉农业特征及天然水域的特点,就污水处理级别排水的用途提出一些看法。     

An evaluation of selenium concentrations in water, sediment, invertebrates, and fish from the Solomon River Basin

The Solomon River Basin is located in north-central Kansas in an area underlain by marine geologic shales. Selenium is an indigenous constituent of these shales and is readily leached into the surrounding groundwater. Portions of the Basin are irrigated primarily through the pumping of selenium-contaminated groundwater from wells onto fields in agricultural production. Water, sediment, macroinvertebrates, and fish were collected from various sites in the Basin in 1998 and analyzed for selenium. Selenium concentrations were analyzed spatially and temporally and compared to reported selenium toxic effect thresholds for specific ecosystem components: water, sediments, food-chain organisms, and wholebody fish. A selenium aquatic hazard assessment for the Basin was determined based on protocol established by Lemly. Throughout the Basin, water, macroinvertebrate, and whole fish samples exceeded levels suspected of causing reproductive impairment in fish. Population structures of several fish species implied that successful reproduction was occurring; however, the influence of immigration of fish from low-selenium habitats could not be discounted. Site-specific fish reproduction studies are needed to determine the true impact of selenium on fishery resources in the Basin. The U.S. Government’s right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

惠州农业土壤、灌溉水和农产品中有机氯农药的残留

用气相色谱法(GC-ECD)对惠州市51个农业土壤样品、12个灌溉水样品和21个农产品样品中的HCHs和DDTs残留量进行了测定.HCHs平均含量分别为土壤1.66μg/kg、灌溉水5.86ng/L、农产品24.74μg/kg;DDTs平均含量分别为土壤4.98μg/kg、灌溉水2.06ng/L、农产品41.72μg/kg,土壤中有机氯农药通过多种方式进入到水体及农产品中.从HCHs和DDTs异构体组成可以看出,环境中绝大多数农药残留是由于历史上使用造成的,个别地区可能还有新的污染输入.同其它地区相比,惠州农业土壤和灌溉水中的有机氯农药残留水平较低,但农产品尤其是蔬菜中DDTs富集程度较高.