利用卷枝毛霉成球特性高效收获微藻

利用卷枝毛霉孢子悬液与小球藻共培养,用过滤含藻菌球的方式来收获微藻.以人工配水为培养基,收获效率为指标,通过单因子试验和正交试验得到最佳收获条件为:pH=6.0,葡萄糖质量浓度为1.25 g·L~(-1),菌藻比为1∶250,收获效率为91.08%.对培养前后培养液中多糖质量浓度进行测定,发现小球藻在培养48 h后多糖质量浓度较培养前增加了约0.047g·L~(-1),而菌藻共培养后的混合液中多糖质量浓度为0.019 g·L~(-1).由此可知在菌藻共培养过程中,小球藻会向外分泌某些水溶性多糖物质供卷枝毛霉利用,二者有一定的共生作用.对小球藻和卷枝毛霉细胞表面Zeta电位进行测量发现,小球藻细胞表面的Zeta电位值随着藻液pH值变化波动不大;而卷枝毛霉细胞表面的Zeta电位值,随着pH值的变小,电位值可由原先最低的-37.7 m V升至-9.87 m V.由此推定菌藻相互吸附的主要机制为电中和吸附.     

Bioaccumulation and toxic effects of copper on growth and oxygen consumption by the postlarvae of Penaeus indicus

The aim of this study was to assess the toxic impact of copper on postlarvae (PL) of the penaeid shrimp Penaeus indicus. Tolerance, growth, oxygen consumption and metal accumulation were investigated in these PL on exposure to copper. Tolerance studies were conducted for 96 h to assess the tolerance limits of P. indicus PL exposed to different concentrations of copper using static renewal bioassay tests. Using the Probit method, the regression equation was calculated as Y=0.4899+2.3562 X, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9707. The 96 h LC₅₀ was 0.8204 ppm. The effect of sublethal (one-fifth of 96 h LC₅₀) copper on PL for short- and long-term exposures revealed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the rate of oxygen consumption, metabolic rate, mean length, wet and dry weight of the exposed PL over their respective controls which can be attributed to a gradual and time-dependent accumulation of the metal, as noticed in the exposed PL through accumulation studies. Overall, the data suggest that on chronic exposure even sublethal concentrations of copper can reduce the metabolic rate and growth in P. indicus PL. This is perhaps the first attempt to use the wild P. indicus PL as a bioindicator of copper toxicity.     

毛霉菌回收金纳米颗粒的影响因素及吸附行为

生物吸附在贵金属的回收中具有较高的应用潜力.本研究以毛霉菌(Mucor varians)菌株(CGMCC 3.02549)为菌种资源,探究了毛霉菌吸附Au~(3+)的影响因素,包括初始Au~(3+)浓度、温度和pH值,研究了毛霉菌吸附Au~(3+)的动力学和热力学特性.结果表明,随着初始Au~(3+)浓度升高,毛霉菌的吸附率降低,吸附容量增高;吸附率随着温度的升高而增加;pH对毛霉菌吸附Au~(3+)的效果影响明显,pH为3时吸附效果最佳.毛霉菌对Au~(3+)的等温吸附过程更符合Langmuir方程(R2=0.985),最大吸附量为325.418 mg·g~(-1).拟二级动力学方程更适合描述Au~(3+)在毛霉菌上的吸附动力学(R2=0.910~0.922).通过热力学分析得出,毛霉菌吸附Au~(3+)是自发的吸热过程.傅里叶红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射和透射电镜分析表明,回收产物为金纳米颗粒,羰基和羟基是起主要作用的官能团.     

Biodegradation of benzo[a]pyrene in soil by Mucor sp. SF06 and Bacillus sp. SB02 co-immobilized on vermiculite

Two indigenous microorganisms, Bacillus sp. SB02 and Mucor sp. SF06, capable of degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） were co-immobilized on vermiculite by physical adsorption and used to degrade benzo[a] pyrene （BaP）. The characteristics of BaP degradation by both free and co-immobilized microorganism were then investigated and compared. The removal rate using the immobilized bacterial-fungal mixed consortium was higher than that of the freely mobile mixed consortium. 95.3% of BaP was degraded using the co-immobilized system within 42 d, which was remarkably higher than the removal rate of that by the free strains. The optimal amount of inoculated co-immobilized system for BaP degradation was 2%. The immobilized bacterial-fungal mixed consortium also showed better water stability than the free strains. Kinetics of BaP biodegradation by co-immobilized SF06 and SB02 were also studied. The results demonstrated that BaP degradation could be well described by a zero-order reaction rate equation when the initial BaP concentration was in the range of 10--200 mg/kg. The scanning electronic microscope （SEM） analysis showed that the co-immobilized microstructure was suitable for the growth of SF06 and SB02. The mass transmission process of co-immobilized system in soil is discussed. The results demonstrate the potential for employing the bacterial-fungal mixed consortium, co-immobilized on vermiculite, for in situ bioremediation of BaP.     

Effect of Water Variables On Lead Tolerance in Postlarvae of Penaeus Indicus (H. Milne Edwards)

Lead tolerance in Penaeus indicus post-larvae (PL) was studied in relation to the water variables: salinity, temperature and pH. the LC₅₀ for 96 hrs was 7.22 ppm at ambient conditions of salinity (20%_o), temperature (29°C) and pH (7.2). the post-larvae were found to be sensitive to salinity variations with a significant (P < 0.05) low LC₅₀ values at lower (2%_o) and higher (29%_o) ranges. Though a decrease in LC₅₀ value was observed both at higher (45°C) and lower (10°C) temperatures, it was significantly (P < 0.05) low only at higher temperature indicating more toxicity. the LC₅₀ values also showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in acidic (pH 2.8) and alkaline (pH 11.0) conditions. the data indicate that lead toxicity increases in the PL of P. indicus with variations in the water variables.     

固定化毛霉对工业和农田污染土壤中多环芳烃的降解和生物有效性评价

为了探讨微生物修复不同类型多环芳烃污染土壤的可行性,应用固定化毛霉对多环芳烃污染工业土壤及农田土壤进行微生物修复,用羟丙基-β-环糊精(HPCD)提取模拟评价多环芳烃的微生物可利用性,并分析多环芳烃微生物降解和生物可利用性的相关关系.焦化厂污染土壤中多环芳烃的30 d降解率为77.6%,沈抚灌区污染土壤中多环芳烃的30 d降解率为54.2%,焦化厂土壤和污灌区农田土壤中多环芳烃降解差异明显.焦化厂土壤和污灌区土壤中多环芳烃的30 d降解量和多环芳烃的环糊精可提取量具有相关性,各环数多环芳烃的环糊精可提取量变化解释了焦化厂和污灌区土壤中多环芳烃降解的差异机制,说明可用环糊精提取量预测微生物降解土壤多环芳烃的情况.     

Ethanol production from alkali-pretreated oil palm empty fruit bunch by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with mucor indicus

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is a potential raw material for production of lignocellulosic bioethanol. The OPEFB was pretreated with 8% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution at 100°C for 10 to 90 min. Enzymatic digestion was carried out using cellulase and β-glucosidase at 45°C for 24 h. It was then inoculated with Mucor indicus spores suspension and fermented under anaerobic conditions at 37°C for 96 h. Sodium hydroxide pretreatment effectively removed 51–57% of lignin in the OPEFB and also its hemicellulose (40–84%). The highest glucan digestibility (0.75 g/g theoretical glucose) was achieved in 40-min NaOH pretreatment. Fermentation by M. indicus resulted in 68.4% of the theoretical ethanol yield, while glycerol (16.2–83.2 mg/g), succinic acid (0–0.4 mg/g), and acetic acid (0–0.9 mg/g) were its by-products. According to these results, 11.75 million tons of dry OPEFB in Indonesia can be converted into 1.5 billion liters of ethanol per year.     

改善污泥脱水性能的丝状真菌的分离及其促进污泥脱水的机制初探

探讨污泥中丝状真菌对污泥脱水性能的影响及其机制,对生物法强化污泥脱水技术的发展具有重要意义.本研究从剩余污泥中分离筛选可以提高污泥脱水性能的丝状真菌,并分析其改善污泥脱水性能的具体机制.结果表明,在剩余污泥中存在着可以促进污泥脱水性能改善的丝状真菌,从中分离筛选出1株毛霉属的真菌Mucor circinelloides ZG-3,该菌对改善污泥脱水性能具有良好的效果.该丝状真菌处理剩余污泥过程中污泥的脱水性能改善效果主要受到接种方式、接种浓度和污泥含固率的影响,其最适接种方式为菌丝体接种,最适接种浓度为10%,最适污泥含固率约为4%.在最适条件下处理污泥可使污泥比阻降低75.1%,显著改善污泥的脱水性能,并且处理后污泥溶液的COD值约为310 mg·L-1,处理后的污泥仍具有良好的沉降性能.M.circinelloides ZG-3处理剩余污泥过程中,污泥脱水性能的改善主要与污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的降解和污泥p H的降低有关.因此,采用M.circinelloides ZG-3处理剩余污泥是一种非常有潜力的新型污泥调理技术.