全面提高成人高校学报质量的思考

针对全国报刊治理整顿后多数学报由内部发行转为正式学报类期刊的新情况,本文从学报业务工作的几个方面对全面提高成人高校学报(以下简称“成高学报”)办刊质量进行了较详细的论述,旨在对成高学报的办刊工作起到一些促进作用。     

Orientation and navigation in bats: known unknowns or unknown unknowns?

Bats have been extensively studied with regard to their ability to orient, navigate and hunt prey by means of echolocation, but almost nothing is known about how they orient and navigate in situations such as migration and homing outside the range of their echolocation system. As volant animals, bats face many of the same problems and challenges as birds. Migrating bats must relocate summer and winter home ranges over distances as far as 2,000 km. Foraging bats must be able to relocate their home roost if they range beyond a familiar area, and indeed circumstantial evidence suggests that these animals can home from more than 600 km. However, an extensive research program on homing and navigation in bats halted in the early 1970s. The field of bird navigation has advanced greatly since that time and many of the mechanisms that birds are known to use for navigation were not known or widely accepted at this time. In this paper I discuss what is known about orientation and navigation in bats and use bird navigation as a model for future research in bat navigation. Technology is advancing such that previous difficulties in studying orientation in bats in the field can be overcome and so that the mechanisms of navigation in this highly mobile animal can finally be elucidated.     

Hunting in unfamiliar space: echolocation in the Indian false vampire bat, Megaderma lyra, when gleaning prey

The literature suggests that in familiar laboratory settings, Indian false vampire bats (Megaderma lyra, family Megadermatidae) locate terrestrial prey with and without emitting echolocation calls in the dark and cease echolocating when simulated moonlit conditions presumably allow the use of vision. More recent laboratory-based research suggests that M. lyra uses echolocation throughout attacks but at emission rates much lower than those of other gleaning bats. We present data from wild-caught bats hunting for and capturing prey in unfamiliar conditions mimicking natural situations. By varying light level and substrate complexity we demonstrated that hunting M. lyra always emit echolocation calls and that emission patterns are the same regardless of light/substrate condition and similar to those of other wild-caught gleaning bats. Therefore, echoic information appears necessary for this species when hunting in unfamiliar situations, while, in the context of past research, echolocation may be supplanted by vision, spatial memory or both in familiar spaces.Communicated by T. Czeschlik     

Compensatory behaviour after displacement in migratory birds

Using a meta-analysis approach we re-analysed orientation cage experiments with displaced migrants found in the literature. A rather large proportion of the orientation experiments showed directional shifts after displacements, indicating ability for birds to detect and react on such displacements. There was a clear difference between overcast and experiments where birds had a view of the starry sky. In experiments under a starry sky, the birds compensated the displacements, whilst under overcast unaltered or reverse orientations were generally displayed. This indicates a role for the stars to be involved in detection of the changes in position. Such a role of celestial cues is further stressed by the results of several studies manipulating a planetarium sky. Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

Pigeon homing: the effect of a clock-shift is often smaller than predicted

This analysis is based on 103 releases with 6-h clock-shifted pigeons of various ages and experiences. Resetting the internal clock normally leads to a significant change in initial orientation; however, in half of the cases, the induced deflections are significantly smaller than predicted by the sun compass hypothesis. The relative size of the deflections decreases with increasing age and experience (Fig. 3). Only young pigeons with limited experience respond as expected, while old birds show deflections which are, on the average, only slightly more than half of the predicted size, except at extremely familiar sites (Table 2). There is no difference between fast and slow shifts (Fig. 4). It is not possible to clearly specify under what circumstances smaller deflections occur; previous clock-shifts (Fig. 5), familiarity with the release site (Table 4) and duration of the shifting procedure (Table 5) do not seem to be the reasons. Clock-shifting also tends to decrease the vector lengths and has a marked effect on homing performance (Table 7). Nevertheless, considerable numbers of clock-shifted birds return on the day of release before their internal clock has begun to be reset back to normal. The general role of the sun compass in bird orientation is considered and theoretical implications of our findings are discussed in view of the map and compass-model and the possibility that an alternative, non-time-compensating compass is used in parallel with the sun compass.     

Orientation in the intertidal salt-marsh collembolan Anurida maritima

We investigated the cues used by the intertidal insect Anurida maritima (Apterygota: Collembola) to orient to the appropriate zone in which to seek shelter during high tide. Our experiments clearly ruled out any significant role for magnetic, local topographic, slope or celestial cues. Instead, we suggest that the difference between the appearance of the up-shore and the down-shore horizon is the major cue used by the collembolans. When a mirror was used to duplicate either of the two horizons, the insects were not able to orient. The insects moved towards an artificially dark horizon (the reverse of the mirror) placed down-shore, the opposite of their usual direction of movement. The insects had an endogenous circatidal rhythm of phototactic behaviour: most of the population was always negatively phototactic, but between 2 and 7 h after low tide, a significant proportion of the population became positively phototactic. This is the first demonstration of an endogenous tidal rhythm of orientation in an insect. Received: 31 May 1999 / Received in revised form: 1 February 2000 / Accepted: 19 February 2000     

贵阳城市环境功能定位研究

环境功能定位是城市环境总体规划的重要组成内容和出发点,同时也是城市维持环境功能、环境形态和环境安全的基础。文章以第二批城市环境总体规划试点城市之一的贵阳市为案例,结合城市环境功能定位的经验方法,从大系统和长周期角度出发,分析了长江流域和长江经济带对贵阳市的环境功能需求,梳理了贵阳市环境问题演变和与工业化、城镇化发展历程之间的相互关系,对比分析了贵阳市在西南地区主要城市中的环境比较优势,最终得出贵阳市的4大环境功能定位。最后分析了贵阳市发挥4大环境功能存在的问题和挑战,并且提出了相应的对策建议。     

我国绿色贸易转型战略取向分析

"十二五"及今后时期,绿色贸易转型是我国实现绿色经济转型的重要优先领域,是缓解对外贸易发展资源环境压力,改善环境质量,促进"十二五"环保目标实现的重要途经。本文在反思传统贸易发展方式基础上,提出实现从"以环境输出为特征"到"以生态修复为使命"的绿色贸易转型,是我国未来贸易发展长期而艰巨的使命和任务;并在进一步梳理"十二五"绿色贸易政策空间基础上,揭示出"环境输出"向"生态修复"环境友好型贸易发展方式转变,成为绿色贸易转型的重要战略取向。     

上海环境空气污染类型的定位

以空气污染类型为切入点，较为系统地对上海市空气污染类型的定位进行了回顾和思考，并提出了重新定位的建议。鉴于回顾、质凝和建议都是建立在大量统计数据之上的，因此，建议定位不仅有助于上海市空气污染防治工作主攻方向的准确把握，而且有利于环境空气质量的持续改善。     

Orientation experiments with displaced juvenile barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) during autumn migratory season

In a previous paper, we reported that juvenile barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) trapped during the autumn migratory season and tested in modified Emlen funnels under overcast conditions can use magnetic information for compass orientation, although they did not orient toward the expected migratory direction. To further investigate this behaviour, in the present paper, we report the results of two series of displacement experiments performed on juvenile barn swallows belonging to two different roost sites [Massaciuccoli Lake (ML) and Terzo Cavone (TC)] and tested using the same protocol as that previously adopted. On the whole, the outcome of the ML and TC experiments was quite different with respect to (a) the degree of bird activity within the funnel (substantially lower for TC) and (b) the effect of the experimental displacement on the directional preferences of the tested subjects (not detectable in TC, while evident in ML swallows). Taken together, these results suggest that migrating swallows could react differently to the experimental tests depending on the roost site where they were caught. Indeed, TC swallows, trapped in southern Italy, close to the seacoast, and characterized by fairly large amounts of fat stores, mainly broke off their migratory activity or reoriented their directional preferences toward inland sites, possibly in search of more profitable habitats. On the other hand, ML swallows, trapped about 660 km to the north and characterized by lower amounts of fat stores, apparently tried to compensate for the experimental displacement.