Emerging Governance Approaches for Tourism in the Protected Areas of China

This paper examines the recent evolution in the governance of protected area tourism in China. China now sees cooperation in the form of public-private partnerships occurring between authorized private tourism enterprises in various organizational forms and the public managers from specific portfolio departments of governments at different levels. Three types of governance models are visible: the Leasing Model, the Non-listed Share-holding Model, and the Public-listed Share-holding Model. Theories of corporate governance were applied to these models to analyze the internal and external mechanisms of supervision and incentives for both the government agencies and the authorized tourism enterprises for nature-based tourism operations. The Principal-Agent problem and the supervision mechanism are the focus of the analysis. The emerging governance approaches for tourism in protected areas of China are all theoretically viable, as explained by the theory of property rights and corporate governance, and practically viable as elaborated in the cases of the three types of governance models summarized in this paper.     

基于“政府-企业”间委托代理关系的节能激励机制

运用委托代理理论基本原理,分析了节能管理中政府与企业的利益关系;侧重分析了作为委托者的政府与作为代理人的企业在节能问题上的理性水平差异,以及由此决定的双方在行为选择上的不同.研究表明:“委托-代理”模型是一个富有效率的机制,在委托代理机制下,政府和企业在节能上的利益具有一致性.在一定条件下,地方政府通过改变激励策略,不仅可以使企业的节能努力水平产生变化,还会使信息不对称的格局发生改变,实现节能调控的帕累托最优;企业获得财务意义上的好处,地方政府不仅因节能调控成效显著而得到中央的奖励,还会因其良好的政府形象而得到公众的支持.