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1.
Chambers MK Ford MR White DM Barnes DL Schiewer S 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(2):961-966
People living without piped water and sewer can be at increased risk for diseases transmitted via the fecal-oral route. One rural Alaskan community that relies on hauling water into homes and sewage from homes was studied to determine the pathways of fecal contamination of drinking water and the human environment so that barriers can be established to protect health. Samples were tested for the fecal indicator, Escherichia coli, and the less specific indicator group, total coliforms. Shoes transported fecal contamination from outside to floor material inside buildings. Contamination in puddles on the road, in conjunction with contamination found on all-terrain vehicle (ATV) tires, supports vehicle traffic as a mechanism for transporting contamination from the dumpsite or other source areas to the rest of the community. The abundance of fecal bacteria transported around the community on shoes and ATV tires suggests that centralized measures for waste disposal as well as shoe removal in buildings could improve sanitation and health in the community. 相似文献
2.
The Earth may be largely covered with water, but over one billion people are estimated to be without safe drinking water and almost 2.5 billion (40% of the world's population) without adequate sanitation at the outset of the new millennium. The provision of safe water and sanitation for all poses several serious institutional and economic challenges at international, national and local levels. Despite the various political commitments made from the late 1970s onwards, these commitments have remained largely unfulfilled. Even though some efforts to expand coverage have been made over the past two decades, much of those efforts have been undermined by socioeconomic problems and growing population, particularly in the urban areas of developing countries. The water supply and sanitation sector is actually in acute need of new investments for expansion and maintenance of facilities. Nonetheless, some positive trends can be discerned, such as, for example, the increasing recognition of integrated water resources management, environmental sanitation, public-private partnerships and women as a key for improvement and expansion of services. 相似文献
3.
Pradeep S. Salve 《Local Environment》2020,25(8):627-630
ABSTRACT The absence of a vaccine and effective treatment for COVID-19 has created public panic and burdened the health systems in most countries. Along with health workers’, sanitation personnel are also working at the frontlines in the war against the disease by keeping cities clean. Sanitation workers are engaged in Drudgery, Dangerous, Dirty and Dehumanising work that makes them vulnerable for developing the chronic respiratory diseases due to the exposure of various hazardous materials and toxic gases that are emitted from the solid waste. The sanitation workers working on a contractual basis are excluded from the labour policies and welfare programs who are playing a vital role in fighting the pandemic. Women sanitation workers are even more vulnerable because most of them are non-literate, poor in financial management and under-represented in the sanitation employee’s union. The local and state governments should protect and safeguard sanitation workers by providing them with adequate protective equipment, ensure payment of paying adequate salaries and provide them with health insurance. 相似文献
4.
Bipasha Baruah 《Natural resources forum》2007,31(3):226-237
The Self‐Employed Women's Association (SEWA) is a trade union founded in 1972 to organize women in the informal sector in the western Indian state of Gujarat for better working conditions and social security provisions. The Gujarat Mahila Housing SEWA Trust (MHT) and the SEWA Bank are independently registered SEWA sister organizations that facilitate self‐employed women's access to housing and financial services, respectively. This paper seeks to document and critically analyze the experiences of MHT and SEWA Bank in partnering with the state, the private sector, funding agencies, urban local bodies and other NGOs in developing and delivering housing, water and sanitation programs for low‐income urban families living in slums. Using MHT as a case study, this paper will shed light upon challenges and opportunities NGOs may face while collaborating with partners with different core philosophies, motivations, working styles, strengths and constraints. The paper also makes recommendations that would enable different actors to play an optimal role in partnerships designed to improve the living and working conditions of the poor. 相似文献
5.
The Lagoon Olho d'Água in Pernambuco State, Northeast Brazil has received increasing environmental concern due to significant stress from pollution in the catchment. The existing environmental problems are the result of great pressure from a broad range of human activities, especially in the last 10 years. Serious pollution exists mainly from some industrial and urban activities, which increased intensively after the eighties. There is a strong social and economical pressure for housing and construction near the lagoon, due to the available land nearby beaches and estuarine zone, and recently by growing tourism activities. Uncontrolled land use by low-income communities and the pressure for construction by developers have led to landfilling and to deterioration of water quality in the lagoon catchment. Improvement of the environmental conditions in the catchment needs integrated measures. Guidelines and some specific actions involving several institutions have been established and refer to sanitation and urban infrastructure as the main priorities. A main target is the construction of low-cost sewage system with smaller and decentralised treatment plants. 相似文献
6.
Wei Zhang Huaqiang Chu Libin Yang Xiaogang You Zhenjiang Yu Yalei Zhang Xuefei Zhou 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2023,17(7):83
7.
S. B. Kendie 《Environmental management》1996,20(1):1-10
In the examination of the implementation of rural drinking water facilities, not enough attention has been paid to analyzing
the socioeconomic and political relationships that affect the effective utilization of the facilities, particularly as these
relate to women in rural society. This paper suggests that much of the difficulty in instituting the utilization of safe water
supply sources has to do with the rather low economic status of women—the main water collectors. Poverty consigns women to
long periods of work in activities or jobs that bring little reward. This makes it difficult to effectively digest the messages
delivered by program staff and limits the extent of usage of the safe water facilities. 相似文献
8.
Agustin Robles-Morua Alex S. Mayer Mary H. Durfee 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(1):197-213
There is a growing recognition in developing countries that community participation in water and sanitation projects is a
necessary strategy in sustainable development. The main advantage of following such an approach is that, if participation
can encourage a sense of ownership of the projects, the benefits of the project are more likely to extend over the long term.
The case study at hand focuses on the challenges faced in implementing a wastewater treatment system to solve an environmental
and public health problem in a rural community, Rosario de Tesopaco, in northwest Mexico. Until recently, the community has
been unable to implement an effective plan to treat the wastewater generated in the community. The problems faced by the community
can be attributed to the political arrangement of water and sanitation decentralization in Mexico that occurred in the mid
1980’s, whereby communities were required to meet wastewater treatment standards, but were not given the technical and political
guidance needed to achieve this goal. However, in this instance, cooperation between the authorities in Rosario de Tesopaco,
the federal agency for social development, and an academic institution has led to the successful design and approval of a
wastewater treatment project. This achievement can be attributed to the use of an effective collaborative strategy, tailoring
the project to the needs and capacity of the local community, positioning the community as the leaders and owners of the project.
A model for following this strategy for developing rural sanitation projects in Mexico is proposed.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
9.
Sustainability assessments are an increasingly common tool for measuring progress towards sustainable development. Despite their popularity, sustainability assessments and the indicators that compose them are said to have had little impact on the policy arena. In this paper we discuss four attributes that we contend will improve the use of sustainability assessments to guide decision making: non-compartmentalization, site specificity, built-in guidance for target setting, and ability to measure active sustainability. We present a novel assessment tool for wastewater treatment infrastructure that illustrates these attributes. The assessment is composed of two-dimensional indicators we call “burden to capacity” ratios, that reveal and quantify the local value of resources embodied in wastewater and treatment byproducts, and the tradeoffs between designing systems for disposal versus reuse. We apply the sustainability assessment framework to an existing treatment plant in Chengdu, China and discuss the results. 相似文献
10.
Low willingness to pay (WTP) for environmental quality in developing countries is a key research question in environmental economics. One explanation is that missing credit markets may suppress WTP for environmental improvements that require large up-front investments. We test the impact of microloans on WTP for hygienic latrines via a randomized controlled trial in 30 villages in rural Cambodia. We find that microcredit dramatically raises WTP for improved latrines, with 60% of households in the Financing arm willing to purchase at an unsubsidized price, relative to 25% in the Non-financing arm. Effects on latrine installation are positive but muted by several factors, including a negative peer effect: randomly induced purchases by neighbors reduce a household's probability of installing its own latrine. On methodological grounds, this paper shows that a “decision-focused evaluation” can be integrated into academic analysis to provide insight into questions of general interest. 相似文献