2015年10月南京霾污染过程分析

为探讨南京秋季霾污染过程发生的主要影响因素,利用南京信息工程大学太阳光度计观测霾污染发生天气下AOD（aerosol optical depth,气溶胶光学厚度）数据,计算AE_440-1020（?ngstr?m Exponent,波长指数）以及a₂（光谱曲率）,结合CALIPSO（Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations）卫星气溶胶组分分析以及MODIS（Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）火点数据,对2015年10月南京霾污染过程进行分析.结果表明:2015年10月出现的两次霾污染过程期间南京地区AE_440-1020均高于1.0并且a₂呈负值,其中10月16日AQI达到峰值（201）,AOD₅₀₀达1.51,AE_440-1020达1.37,a₂达-0.77;这两次较为严重的霾污染过程均主要由人为因素（工业污染、城市建设、生物质燃烧、汽车尾气排放等）产生的细粒子所致.后向轨迹分析发现,2015年10月16日南京地区霾污染天气发生的主要原因是区域型污染,同时受长距离输送影响,大量携带人为因素产生的细粒子以及少量沙尘等污染物的空气团途经内蒙古、山东等地到达南京,加剧了当日的污染程度;2015年10月23日南京地区霾污染天气的发生则主要受长距离输送影响,同时也受到区域型污染影响,加剧了当日的污染程度.研究显示,在稳定的气象条件下,较高的相对湿度、较低的地表风速、低混合层高度以及贴地逆温的出现是诱发霾污染天气产生的有利气象条件.      

镉对3株不同地点生长的大麻生长及矿质元素吸收的影响

为了研究镉胁迫对不同大麻生长的影响,以来自山西的大麻M1和来自甘肃的大麻M2、M3为材料,通过土培盆栽试验,研究了镉胁迫对大麻SPAD值、光合参数、不同组织碳水化合物含量和矿质元素含量的影响及不同地点株间差异。结果表明:镉胁迫显著降低大麻SPAD值,及其光合能力,且不同植株间存在显著差异,M1受抑制严重;镉胁迫使大麻地上部蔗糖和总可溶性糖含量显著升高,根系、叶片和籽粒淀粉含量显著降低。镉含量分析结果显示,镉主要滞留在根系中,其中M1镉积累量最高;镉胁迫显著抑制了大麻M1根系对锰和铜元素的吸收,同时也影响了其在地上部各器官的分配和积累,降低了M3对锌元素的吸收。镉对大麻的影响因大麻不同植株间及组织部位而异。     

Sun light degradation of 4-chloroaniline in waters and its effect on toxicity. A high performance liquid chromatography - Diode array - Tandem mass spectrometry study

This paper studies the degradation reactions that 4-chloroaniline can naturally undergo in waters for the action of sun light. 10.00 mg L⁻¹ 4-chloroaniline aqueous solution, without any addition of organic solvent, are undergone to photoirradiation under conditions that simulate sun light. The degradation pathway, followed by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS methods, is complex since the pollutant gives rise to many photoproducts: the predominant species are characterized by m/z values of 217 (P5) and 218 (P6) and are compatible with dimeric structures of 4-chloroaniline. Vibrio fischeri tests indicate that the photoproducts of 4-chloroaniline are characterized by a toxicity level significantly greater than the precursor.     

杭州市大气气溶胶光学特性研究

利用太阳分光光度计（CE-318）对杭州市地面的气溶胶光学特性进行观测,并对卫星反演的中分辨率成像光谱仪（Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS）气溶胶产品进行验证.结果表明,MODIS气溶胶产品在杭州地区的精度较高,3个站点全部数据回归曲线的斜率和截距分...     

基于高通量测序解析碳化温度对麻秆电极微生物群落影响

采用Solixa高通量测序技术比较了1 000℃和1 800℃碳化麻秆制备电极OCP-1000和OCP-1800在生物电化学系统运行过程中形成的生物膜微生物群落结构差异.测序分别获得OCP-1000和OCP-1800附着生物膜16S rRNA基因V3区优化序列4 231和5 263条,经过97%相似度归并后获得OTUs数量分别为1 187和1 338个.α多样性指数(Chao、Shannon指数)分析表明碳化温度越低,电极生物膜微生物多样性越丰富.电极OCP-1000和OCP-1800生物膜中优势菌群均为Proteobacteria、Firmicutes和Bacteroidetes,这3个门的细菌在OCP-1000生物膜含量分别为66%、10%和9%,但在电极OCP-1800生物膜中含量分别为71%、7%和9%.不同碳化温度制备的麻秆电极在生物电化学系统运行过程形成的生物膜不仅存在共有细菌种类,也含有独特菌种,说明电极制备过程碳化温度影响电极生物膜微生物群落结构.     

Pigeon homing: the effect of a clock-shift is often smaller than predicted

This analysis is based on 103 releases with 6-h clock-shifted pigeons of various ages and experiences. Resetting the internal clock normally leads to a significant change in initial orientation; however, in half of the cases, the induced deflections are significantly smaller than predicted by the sun compass hypothesis. The relative size of the deflections decreases with increasing age and experience (Fig. 3). Only young pigeons with limited experience respond as expected, while old birds show deflections which are, on the average, only slightly more than half of the predicted size, except at extremely familiar sites (Table 2). There is no difference between fast and slow shifts (Fig. 4). It is not possible to clearly specify under what circumstances smaller deflections occur; previous clock-shifts (Fig. 5), familiarity with the release site (Table 4) and duration of the shifting procedure (Table 5) do not seem to be the reasons. Clock-shifting also tends to decrease the vector lengths and has a marked effect on homing performance (Table 7). Nevertheless, considerable numbers of clock-shifted birds return on the day of release before their internal clock has begun to be reset back to normal. The general role of the sun compass in bird orientation is considered and theoretical implications of our findings are discussed in view of the map and compass-model and the possibility that an alternative, non-time-compensating compass is used in parallel with the sun compass.     

When does bearing magnets affect the size of deflection in clock-shifted homing pigeons?

Pigeons whose internal clock is shifted by 6 h show deflections from the direction of untreated controls, yet these deflections are often smaller than predicted. Magnets temporarily disabling the magnetic compass increased these the deflections significantly (R. Wiltschko and Wiltschko 2001), indicating a compromise between sun compass and magnetic compass. – Recently, Ioalé et al. (2006) claim that they could not replicate our findings. The reason lies in a difference in the behavior of the clock-shifted pigeons without magnets: in the study of Ioalè et al. (2006), their deflections was already almost as large as that of our pigeons carrying magnets. This difference is probably caused by the limited experience of the pigeons of Ioalè et al. (2006): Their birds, in contrast to ours, had not used their sun’ compass during extended homing flights at various times of the year and, not having been faced with the necessity to compensate the saisonal changes of the sun’s arc, gave the sun compass more weight than our birds did.A comment to the paper by Ioalè, Odetti and Gagliardo (2006) Behav Ecol Sociobiol 60: 516–521.     

Management of Lignite Fly Ash for Improving Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity

Lignite fly ash (LFA), being alkaline and endowed with excellent pozzolanic properties, a silt loam texture, and plant nutrients, has the potential to improve soil quality and productivity. Long-term field trials with groundnut, maize, and sun hemp were carried out to study the effect of LFA on growth and yield. Before crop I was sown, LFA was applied at various doses with and without press mud (an organic waste from the sugar industry, used as an amendment and source of nutrients). LFA with and without press mud was also applied before crops III and V were cultivated. Chemical fertilizer, along with gypsum, humic acid, and biofertilizer, was applied in all treatments, including the control. With one-time and repeat applications of LFA (with and without press mud), yield increased significantly (7.0–89.0%) in relation to the control crop. The press mud enhanced the yield (3.0–15.0%) with different LFA applications. The highest yield LFA dose was 200 t/ha for one-time and repeat applications, the maximum yield being with crop III (combination treatment). One-time and repeat application of LFA (alone and in combination with press mud) improved soil quality and the nutrient content of the produce. The highest dose of LFA (200 t/ha) with and without press mud showed the best residual effects (eco-friendly increases in the yield of succeeding crops). Some increase in trace- and heavy-metal contents and in the level of γ-emitters in soil and crop produce, but well within permissible limits, was observed. Thus, LFA can be used on a large scale to boost soil fertility and productivity with no adverse effects on the soil or crops, which may solve the problem of bulk disposal of fly ash in an eco-friendly manner.     

麻纤维混纺弹力袜的研究与开发

本文在描述袜子的起源和防护作用基础上,介绍了麻纤维混纺弹力袜的研究与开发。该产品含有麻纤维,较好地解决了吸湿快干、抑菌防臭、染色牢度等方面的难题,可以满足实际穿用,其优良的抗菌、快干等性能对个体防护专业来说,具有一定的借鉴意义。     

汉麻粉体/PVDF共混膜的制备、表征及对Cu~(2+)吸附性能研究

采用浸没沉淀法,制备了汉麻粉体/PVDF混合平板膜,分别采用扫描电镜、孔隙率、机械性能测试对膜结构和性能进行表征,探究汉麻粉体对膜结构性能的影响。结果表明:膜结构为指状多孔膜,随着汉麻粉体含量的增加,从断面结构可见,脆性增加,断面整齐,指状孔明显,膜的孔径有先增大、后减小的趋势;表征结果表明膜的孔隙率有提高的趋势;承受最大载荷增加,断裂伸长率下降。汉麻粉体膜制备完成后,采用静态吸附法进行吸附试验,分别探讨了温度、粉体含量、铜离子的初始浓度对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:汉麻粉体膜对铜离子的吸附,当温度为25℃时,吸附量与吸附率最佳;随着粉体含量的增加,吸附量与吸附率先减小、后增大的趋势。初始浓度的影响较为显著,随着初始浓度的增加,吸附量与吸附率也随之增加。