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排序方式: 共有1270条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Liqun Lv Yunshan Ge Zhe Ji Jianwei Tan Xin Wang Lijun Hao Zhiwei Wang Mengzhu Zhang Chunjie Wang Haidan Liu 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2020,32(2):155-164
On-road driving emissions of six liquefied natural gas(LNG) and diesel semi-trailer towing vehicles(STTVs) which met China Emission Standard IV and V were tested using Portable Emission Measurement System(PEMS) in northern China.Emission characteristics of these vehicles under real driving conditions were analyzed and proved that on-road emissions of heavy-duty vehicles(HDVs) were underestimated in the past.There were large differences among LNG and diesel vehicles, which also existed between China V vehicles and China IV vehicles.Emission factors showed the highest level under real driving conditions, which probably be caused by frequent acceleration, deceleration, and start-stop.NOx emission factors ranged from 2.855 to 20.939 g/km based on distance-traveled and 6.719–90.557 g/kg based on fuel consumption during whole tests, which were much higher than previous researches on chassis dynamometer.It was inferred from tests that the fuel consumption rate of the test vehicles had a strong correlation with NOx emission, and the exhaust temperature also affected the efficiency of Selected Catalytic Reduction(SCR) aftertreatment system, thus changing the NOx emission greatly.THC emission factors of LNG vehicles were 2.012–10.636 g/km, which were much higher than that of diesel vehicles(0.029–0.185 g/km).Unburned CH_4 may be an important reason for this phenomenon.Further on-road emission tests, especially CH_4 emission test should be carried out in subsequent research.In addition, the Particulate Number(PN) emission factors of diesel vehicles were at a very high level during whole tests, and Diesel Particulate Filter(DPF)should be installed to reduce PN emission. 相似文献
2.
Bertram P Stadler-Salt N Horvatin P Shear H;State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conferences 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2003,81(1-3):27-33
Many administrative jurisdictions have authority over parts of the Great Lakes, sometimes with competing purposes as well as governance at differing scales of time and space. As demand increases for high quality information that is relevant to environmental managers, environmental and natural resource agencies with limited budgets must look to interdisciplinary, collaborative approaches for the collection, analysis and reporting of data. The State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conferences (SOLEC) were begun in 1994 in response to reporting requirements of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between Canada and the U.S. The biennial conferences provide independent, science-based reporting on the state of health of the Great Lakes ecosystem components. A suite of indicators necessary and sufficient to assess Great Lakes ecosystem status was introduced in 1998, and assessments based on a subset of the indicators were presented in 2000. Because SOLEC is a multi-agency, multi-jurisdictional reporting venue, the SOLEC indicators require acceptance by a broad spectrum of stakeholders in the Great Lakes basin. The SOLEC indicators list is expected to provide the basis for government agencies and other organizations to collaborate more effectively and to allocate resources to data collection, evaluation and reporting on the state of the Great Lakes basin ecosystem. 相似文献
3.
This paper presents development of a first approximation of a Namibian, national level, land degradation monitoring system.
The process involved a large number of stakeholders and led to the definition of four primary indicators that were regarded
as related to land degradation in Namibia: population pressure, livestock pressure, seasonal rainfall and erosion hazards.
These indicators were calculated annually for the period 1971–1997. Annual land degradation risk maps were produced for the
same period by combining the indicators. A time series analysis of results generated by indicators was undertaken at two sites.
The analysis revealed a general trend towards an increased land degradation risk over the period 1971–1997. A decrease in
annual rainfall and an increase in livestock numbers caused this negative trend at one site, while decreased annual rainfall
and increased human population were the causes at a second site. Evaluation of resulting maps through direct field observations
and long-term monitoring at selected study sites with different conditions relevant for the indicators defined, is an essential
next step. 相似文献
4.
指出了环境监测机构存在的问题,提出环境监测机构体制改革应从3方面考虑:机构改革应实行垂直管理,政,事分开,职能改革应体现环境监测站以环境质量监测为基本职能;内部管理改革需建立以聘任制为基础的用人制度,岗位管理和竞争上岗制度,适当的分配激励机制。 相似文献
5.
Llansó RJ Dauer DM Vølstad JH Scott LC 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2003,81(1-3):163-174
The Chesapeake Bay benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) was developed to assess benthic community health and environmental quality in Chesapeake Bay. The B-IBI provides Chesapeake Bay monitoring programs with a uniform tool with which to characterize bay-wide benthic community condition and assess the health of the Bay. A probability-based design permits unbiased annual estimates of areal degradation within the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries with quantifiable precision. However, of greatest interest to managers is the identification of problem areas most in need of restoration. Here we apply the B-IBI to benthic data collected in the Bay since 1994 to assess benthic community degradation by Chesapeake Bay Program segment and water depth. We used a new B-IBI classification system that improves the reliability of the estimates of degradation. Estimates were produced for 67 Chesapeake Bay Program segments. Greatest degradation was found in areas that are known to experience hypoxia or show toxic contamination, such as the mesohaline portion of the Potomac River, the Patapsco River, and the Maryland mainstem. Logistic regression models revealed increased probability of degraded benthos with depth for the lower Potomac River, Patapsco River, Nanticoke River, lower York River, and the Maryland mainstem. Our assessment of degradation by segment and water depth provided greater resolution of relative condition than previously available, and helped define the extent of degradation in Chesapeake Bay. 相似文献
6.
Marco Ferretti 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1997,48(1):45-72
Part of this paper has been prepared for the lecture Forest Health Assessment-Criteria,Methods and Problems given by the author at the UIMPuniversity course Sanidad Forestal en el Bosques Mediterraneos yTemplados. Implicacion de la Contaminacion Atmosferica y del Cambio Global, held in Valencia, Spain, October, 1995. Assessment and monitoring of forest health representsa key point for environmental policy and for the management ofenvironmental resources. With the renewed interest in assessment andmonitoring of forest health generated by the suspected occurrence ofa widespread forest decline in Europe and North America, manyactivities have been undertaken: however, some questions should beconsidered and clarified when attempting to estimate forest health.Particularly, the objective(s) of the assessment and monitoringprogram should be carefully identified. Identification of a program‘stask has a number of implications and consequences: it implies adefinition of what concept of forest health (forest ecosystem health,forest health or forest trees health?) is assumed, what will be thetarget entity to be monitored, and therefore the identification of therelevant assessment questions and assessment endpoints.Consequences concern the definition of the spatial scale (frominternational to landscape and plot scale monitoring) and ecologicalcoverage (from single species population to population ofecosystems) of the program, which can have a considerable influenceon the choice of the proper sampling strategy and tactic, as well ason the most suitable methods, indicators and indices to be used.Although much of the work in the field of forest health and airpollution has concentrated on surveys on crown transparency anddiscoloration, there is an entire range of methods, indicators andindices developed to assess the health status of forests. The decisionas to which ones should be used will depend on the aim of theprogram and on economic and practical considerations. A furtherconsideration concerns the time span of the program, but anydecision in this field is subject to many limitations due to difficultiesin predicting future monitoring needs. All these points should becarefully considered and implemented according to a rigorousQuality Assurance procedure since any decision will influence futurework for many years. 相似文献
7.
研究了乌鲁木剂铁路局系统污水治理污染控制方法及途径,提出了主要污染物为石油类,其最佳治理对策是:确定重点污染单位、污染源、用最低的治理投入,选择斜板隔油气浮工艺治理重点污染和次重点污染部门,得到较好的治理效果,否定盲目追求“零排放”的高投入方案。 相似文献
8.
土地沙漠化监测指标体系的探讨 总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20
评述国内外的沙漠化监测指标体系,根据我国实际情况分析沙漠化监测的主要内容,提出建立沙漠化监测指标体系的原则并设置了监测指标体系. 相似文献
9.
Combating desertification in natural rangelands has recently become a priority in large parts of southern Africa. Rangeland
managers, farmers, scientists, conservationists and land users have been applying a variety of restoration technologies to
address this problem. Bush encroachment, as part of the desertification process, involves the natural replacement of the herbaceous
plant cover by undesirable problem woody species. The active and passive restoration technologies that are applied, are mainly
based on indigenous knowledge and include the chemical, mechanical or manual reclamation of unproductive rangelands, as well
as the combating of woody and alien species encroachment. Indigenous practices and knowledge play a major role in the effectiveness
and success rate of these technologies. This project faces the challenge of bringing together both local and scientific knowledge
in a single user-friendly, computerised Decision Support System (DSS) which is directly accessible by land users to support
them in the process of decision making, concerning the combating of desertification. Case studies from central and northern
Namibia were used to combine qualitative and quantitative data to develop this Decision Support System. The DSS currently
consists of two databases and an expert system, which evaluates the results of land users’ management practices, and provides
easily accessible information and advice for participants in the system, based on the incorporated data. The DSS is also linked
to national and international web sites and databases to offer a wider range of information on technologies concerning agricultural
and conservation practices. 相似文献
10.