水系灭火剂的研究与发展

综述了国内外水系灭火剂的研究现状，并讨论了水系灭火剂研究的发展方向     

On the effectiveness of mitigation strategies for cryogenic applications

The need for sustainable energy sources, as well as the current energetic crisis involving the majority of markets, has promoted the use of cryogenic liquefaction for the transportation and storage of natural gas (i.e., LNG). To guarantee the development of a robust and safe infrastructure, a complete understanding of the main phenomena occurring at low temperatures is paramount. In this sense, the largest grey areas are the characterization of the combustion at low-initial temperature and the interactions between water and cryogenic liquid. For these reasons, this work presents an experimental campaign on the possible mitigation strategies for the mitigation of consequences related to the accidental release of LNG. Particular emphasis was posed on the direct and indirect effects of water on cryogenic pool fire. The former resulted in a significant increase in the dimensions of fire (∼+50%) and burning rate (∼300%) with respect to the case with no direct contact between water and LNG, whereas the latter generated an abrupt decrease in the measured temperatures (<100 °C). The use of an emergency flare to empty an LNG tank was tested, as well. The spatial distribution of temperature was monitored along with the time to guarantee the safe operability of this equipment in the case of LNG combustion. The explanations for the observed phenomena and trends were provided, allowing for the development of safe procedures for the emergency response related to cryogenic fuels.     

页岩气钻屑固化填埋池监测与评价研究

为了探讨钻屑固化填埋池对周围土壤及水体环境的影响,以西南某页岩气田为例,分别选取了具有代表性的水基钻屑固化填埋池和油基灰渣固化填埋池,先对钻屑固化处置方式和效果进行了评价,再对钻屑固化填埋池土壤径流液及土壤进行了监测,分析了固化填埋池对周边土壤环境的影响。结果表明:钻屑固化体浸出液达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级排放标准,钻屑固化填埋池土壤径流液满足GB5084-2005《农田灌溉水质标准》旱作标准;水基钻屑固化填埋池和油基灰渣固化填埋池上覆土壤重金属综合污染指数分别是0.42、0.45,周边土壤重金属综合污染指数分别是0.45、0.54。钻屑固化填埋池各项监测指标均未超标,土壤重金属综合污染指数均小于0.7,钻屑固化填埋暂时未对周边土壤造成影响,属于清洁水平。短期内钻屑固化填埋效果较好,对周围土壤环境影响较小。     

Compliance with fixed-itinerary systems in water-based parks

A number of studies at land-based parks have indicated that trip information from permit itineraries does not always coincide with actual user behavior. To assess the effectiveness of the fixed-itinerary system at a water-based park, this study examined discrepancies between the itineraries recorded on permits and those reported by overnight users following their visits to Everglades National Park; it also assessed day visitors' reported use of backcountry campsites. Motorboaters were more likely to comply with their permit itinerary than canoeists (76% and 66% compliance rate, respectively). More than one-fourth of day users reported stopping at a backcountry campsite. Respondents reported that sharing campsites with noncomplying campers affected their backcountry experience in either a positive (3%), negative (11%), or neutral (9%) manner.