HISTORICAL TRENDS IN SEDIMENTATION RATES AND SEDIMENT PROVENANCE,FAIRFIELD LAKE,WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA1

Sedimentation rates and sediment provenance were examined for lacustrine sediments deposited in Fairfield Lake, western North Carolina, during the past 111 years. Stratigraphic, radionuclide, and cartographic data indicate that sedimentation rates have increased several fold during the past three decades in response to localized development. The magnitude of increased sedimentation was surprising given limited development within the basin: 0.12 to 0.68 buildings/ha in 2000 in those parts directly delivering sediment to the dated cores. Thus, the analysis illustrates the potential sensitivity of watersheds in the southern Appalachians to changes in land cover. An approach that combined geochemical fingerprinting with sediment mixing models was subsequently evaluated to determine its ability to accurately estimate the contribution of sediment from (1) major bedrock formations that underlie the watershed and (2) potential sources associated with four land cover categories. Sediment sources in both analyses proved difficult to geochemically fingerprint to greater than 90 percent accuracy using data on acid‐soluble metals and selected isotopes of lead (Pb). The relative contributions of sediment from delineated sources, estimated by the mixing models, generally corresponded with known temporal and spatial patterns of land cover. However, the models were plagued by two significant problems — the chemical alteration of sediments as they were transported through upland streams to depositional sites within the lake and the loss of elemental mass. Thus, future investigations using the fingerprinting approach in this area of intense weathering, and presumably others, will need to modify the existing methods to more accurately elucidate changes in sediment provenance related to development.     

Validation of an agricultural non-point source （AGNPS） pollution model for a catchment in the Jiulong River watershed, China

This study tested and evaluated the agricultural non-point source(AGNPS)model for the Wuchuan catchment, a typical agricultural area in the Jiulong River watershed, Fujian Province. China. The AGNPS model was calibrated and validated for the study area with observed data onten storms. Thedata on eight stormsin 2002 were used for calibration while data on two stormswere used for validation of the model. Considering the lack of water quality data over a long-term series, a novel method, comparing an internal nested catchment with its surrounding catchment, was used to supplement the less long-term series data. Dual calibration and validation of the AGNPS model was obtained by this comparison. The results indicate that the correlation coefficients were 0. 99 and 0. 98 for runoff, 0. 94 and 0. 95 forthe peak runoff rate of the large catchment and the small catchment, respectively, and 0. 76 forthe sediment of the small catchment only. Each pair of correlation coefficients is homogeneous for the same event for the two catchments. With the exception of the sediment yield and particulate phosphorus, the peak nmofr rate and other nutrients were well predicted. Sensitivity analysis showed that the Soil Conservation Service curve number and rainfall quantity were the most sensitive parameters, which resulted in high output variations. Erosivitv and other parameters had little influence on the hydrological and quality outputs.     

基于农业自然风险综合评价的高标准基本农田建设区划定方法研究

大规模建设高产稳产、旱涝保收的高标准基本农田是当前土地整治的重要任务,论文从分析区域防灾减灾能力入手,将农业生产自然风险综合评价引入高标准基本农田建设区划定,在识别区域主要风险类型的基础上,应用可变模糊集理论,借助GIS 方法,划分综合风险等级,根据风险强度和整治可行性划定高标准基本农田建设区。结合对关中地区的实例分析,研究表明：①使用可变模糊集理论,综合考虑各单因子风险差异,可减少风险定量化的模糊不确定性;②综合风险由致灾因子危险性和承灾体脆弱性共同决定,风险评价结果可为筛选高标准基本农田建设适宜区提供依据;③综合风险等级、集中连片程度和整治潜力共同确定土地整治时序,可为划定高标准基本农田建设区和确定整治规划提供参考。     

南京城郊不同土地利用类型农业土壤多环芳烃污染特征及风险评价

以南京市城郊不同土地利用类型的农业土壤(水田、菜地和林地)为研究对象,测定了16种PAHs的含量.结果表明,苊烯(Acy)在所有土壤样本中均未被检出,南京城郊农业土壤15种ω(PAHs)的范围在24.49～925.54μg·kg^-1之间,平均值为259.88μg·kg^-1.PAHs含量由高到低依次为：林地>水田>菜地,总体上以高环PAHs(HMW)含量为主.不同土壤理化性质对PAHs的影响表明：土壤有机碳(TOC)和黏粒(clay)含量与PAHs存在一定的相关性,pH和全氮(TN)与PAHs无明显相关性.毒性当量法和CSI指数法表明,南京城郊农业土壤中PAHs生态风险较小,但是林地中应当给予一定的重视.增量终身癌症风险(ILCR)进行健康风险评价表明,儿童健康的威胁风险略大于成人,林地的总的致癌风险(CR)明显高于菜地和水田,仍处于可接受的范围内.对成人进行了蒙特卡洛模拟表明,确定性健康风险的风险分析低估了PAHs的健康风险.敏感性分析结果表明,对CR总方差影响最大的输入参数是暴露频率EF(占50.7%).     

农业非点源污染田间模型及其应用

非点源污染的负荷定量化研究是控制、评价和管理非点源污染的基础.农业非点源污染负荷估算包括农田排水估算和排水中的污染物浓度预测2个环节.依据水量平衡原理,农田排水应用DRAINMOD模型估算;将农田的施肥和灌溉过程"合成"作为田间污染物浓度的脉冲输入,农田排水中的污染物浓度变化则视作对应于此脉冲输入的响应过程,而污染物在田间的复杂迁移转化过程以逆高斯概率密度函数隐含表达.以此为基础,构建了农田尺度农业非点源污染负荷估算模型.以青铜峡灌区典型试验区为例,对稻田排水沟中硝态氮(NO_3~--N)和总磷(TP)的负荷过程进行了模拟,结果表明,模型估算结果和实测污染物负荷过程非常接近,Nash-Suttcliffe模拟效率系数分别为0.963和0.945,表明该模型具有较高的可靠性.     

高等农业院校环境科学专业教学模式初探

中国农业院校环境科学专业起步较晚,硬件设施和专业名牌度略显薄弱。培养适应社会需求的高素质人才。建设有农业院校特色的环境科学专业是高等农业院校的当务之急。本文结合青岛农业大学环境科学专业教育的现状和经验,对高等农业院校环境科学专业的培养目标、教学规章制度及全新的教学模式等几方面内容进行了初步探讨,实践表明该培养目标明确,教学模式突出农业院校特色,教学效果良好。     

武威绿洲农业水足迹变化及其驱动机制研究

农业活动通过改变绿洲赖以生存的水生态系统而影响着绿洲的稳定性。1950-2007年武威绿洲农业水足迹上涨了近7倍,而农业水足迹效率仅提高1.75倍;粮食作物水足迹比例过大,57 a间平均达74.32%,其中,2002年以前粮食作物水足迹比例呈下降趋势,但在2002年达到最低点58.63%之后开始出现反弹。人口增长和人民生活需求所驱动的以粮食生产为主体的农业规模扩大和农业开发强度加大,是农业水足迹增长的主要原因。适当压缩农业规模,加快农业内部结构调整,加大政府对农业节水灌溉工程的投入和农业节水技术的推广,是控制武威绿洲农业水足迹增长过快,维护绿洲生态系统稳定的有效方式。     

农业生产效率对农业用水量的影响

2016年中国农业用水量占用水总量的60%以上,水资源成为国家农业安全的重要保障,而影响农业用水量的因素较多。论文首先采用非期望产出的Super-SBM模型测度1998—2015年中国30个省份（西藏、香港、澳门、台湾缺少资料,未计算）的农业生产效率,再利用非参数核密度估计演示主要年份农业生产效率和农业用水量的动态变化,然后借鉴Hansen的门槛模型检验农业生产效率对农业用水量的“门槛效应”。结果表明：1）我国农业生产效率呈倒“U”型走势,省际间差异性减弱;农业用水量先下降后上升,省际间差距存在扩大的趋势。2）提高农业生产效率是降低农业用水量的有效途径,农业生产效率对农业用水量存在显著的“门槛抑制效应”,抑制强度呈“N”型走势。3）扩大粮食作物种植比例、增加农村劳动力和提高农村居民收入均能有效抑制农业用水量增加,而水资源禀赋、水利投资和耕地灌溉面积与农业用水量呈正相关性,农民受教育水平回归结果不显著。     

大伙房水库上游地区农业面源污染现状及防治措施

通过对大伙房水库上游地区农业面源污染现状的调查研究,提出减轻农业面源污染的具体防治措施,即采用培育生物天敌、控制农药使用量、水田改为旱田和控制灌溉水的方法控制氮磷流失,从而保护水源地生态环境。     

广西桂东北地区农业土壤环境若干重金属元素背景值的调查

应用分层抽样统计方法,调查研究广西桂东北地区农业土壤环境Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、As、Cr、Hg等8种重金属元素背景值,并分别求算出各元素背景值95％的置信区间。经方差分析,各成土母质间几种元素背景值都有不同程度差异。探讨了该区域农业土壤元素背景值与世界土壤、地壳丰度和国内土壤元素背景值的差异,为开展农业环境科学研究提供依据。