Antimicrobial activity of thin metallic silver flakes, waste products of a manufacturing process

The aim of the research was to develop new products and processes from a manufacturing waste from an Italian metallurgic company. The company produced thin silver metallic films and the production scraps were silver flakes. The possibility to use the silver flakes in water disinfection processes was studied. The antimicrobial activity of the flakes was investigated in batch using Escherichia coli as Gram-negative microorganism model. The flakes did not show any antimicrobial activity, so they were activated with two different processes: thermal activation in reducing atmosphere and chemical activation, obtaining, respectively, reduced flakes (RF) and chemical flakes (CF). The flakes, activated with either treatment, showed antimicrobial activity against E. coli. The kill rate was dependent on the type of activated flakes. The chemical flakes were more efficient than reduced flakes. The kill rate determined for 1 g of CF, 1.0 ± 0.2 min⁻¹, was greater than the kill rate determined for 1 g of RF, 0.069 ± 0.004 min⁻¹. This was confirmed also by the minimum inhibitory concentration values. It was demonstrated that the antimicrobial capability was dependent on flakes amount and on the type of aqueous medium. Furthermore, the flakes maintained their properties also when used a second time. Finally, the antimicrobial activities of flakes were tested in an effluent of a wastewater treatment plant where a variety of heterotrophic bacteria were present.     

17 β-estradiol mineralization in human waste products and soil in the presence and the absence of antimicrobials

Natural steroidal estrogens, such as 17 β-estradiol (E2), as well as antimicrobials such as doxycycline and norfloxacin, are excreted by humans and hence detected in sewage sludge and biosolid. The disposal of human waste products on agricultural land results in estrogens and antibiotics being detected as mixtures in soils. The objective of this study was to examine microbial respiration and E2 mineralization in sewage sludge, biosolid, and soil in the presence and the absence of doxycycline and norfloxacin. The antimicrobials were applied to the media either alone or in combination at total rates of 4 and 40 mg kg^?1, with the 4 mg kg^?1 rate being an environmentally relevant concentration. The calculated time that half of the applied E2 was mineralized ranged from 294 to 418 days in sewage sludge, from 721 to 869 days in soil, and from 2,258 to 14,146 days in biosolid. E2 mineralization followed first-order and the presence of antimicrobials had no significant effect on mineralization half-lives, except for some antimicrobial applications to the human waste products. At 189 day, total E2 mineralization was significantly greater in sewage sludge (38 ±0.7%) > soil (23 ±0.7%) > biosolid (3 ±0.7%), while total respiration was significantly greater in biosolid (1,258 mg CO₂) > sewage sludge (253 mg CO₂) ≥ soil (131 mg CO₂). Strong sorption of E2 to the organic fraction in biosolid may have resulted in reduced E2 mineralization despite the high microbial activity in this media. Total E2 mineralization at 189 day was not significantly influenced by the presence of doxycycline and/or norfloxacin in the media. Antimicrobial additions also did not significantly influence total respiration in media, except that total CO₂ respiration at 189 day was significantly greater for biosolid with 40 mg kg^?1 doxycycline added, relative to biosolid without antimicrobials. We conclude that it is unlikely for doxycycline and norfloxacin, or their mixtures, to have a significant effect on E2 mineralization in human waste products and soil. However, the potential for E2 to be persistent in biosolids, with and without the presence of antimicrobials, is posing a challenge for biosolid disposal to agricultural lands.     

攀枝花矿区糙野青茅根际耐铬放线菌筛选及促生能力评价

从攀枝花矿区糙野青茅根际土中分离放线菌,筛选获得对重金属铬具有强耐受性、抗菌促生和产胞外酶能力的放线菌,为微生物-植物联合修复重金属污染提供菌种资源.采用稀释涂布法进行放线菌的分离,通过放线菌在不同铬浓度高氏一号培养基上的生长状况判断其对重金属铬的耐受性,进一步采用原子吸收分光光度法分析菌株对铬耐受性强的菌株耐铬及去铬能力;通过对菌株产铁载体、溶磷、产吲哚乙酸(IAA)、产纤维素酶、产淀粉酶、产木糖酶、产酪蛋白酶能力及抗菌活性的筛选,综合评价菌株抗菌促生能力.结果显示,分离获得的27株根际菌株,光学显微形态及扫描电镜结果均显示为放线菌,其中有14株能在含铬的培养基上生长,具有耐铬能力.16S rRNA基因测序结果显示,14株放线菌分属于链霉菌属(streptomyces)、小单孢菌属(Micromonospora)和冢村氏菌属(Tsukamurella).菌株SCAU9002和SCAU9008在铬浓度为300mg·L~(-1)的处理下培养6 d,去铬率分别达到81.17%和78.41%;菌株SCAU9002、SCAU9006、SCAU9008、SCAU9009、SCAU9013同时具有3种促生功能,盆栽实验结果进一步表明,在重金属胁迫下,经菌株处理后的玉米植株更高,生物量更大,根系更发达,促生效果较好.此外,菌株SCAU9006对6种病原菌具有拮抗作用,5株菌同时具有3种及以上产胞外水解酶的能力,4株菌能在7%的NaCl浓度下生长,13株菌在pH5.0~8.0的范围内均可生长.结果表明,根际放线菌在促进矿区植物生长和铬尾矿污染土壤的生物修复研究中具有很大潜力.     

木质素过氧化物酶降解四环素机理的研究

为探究过氧化物酶对四环素类抗生素的降解机理,以白腐真菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium表达的木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)粗酶为研究对象,研究其产酶条件及其降解四环素(TC)的机理。结果表明:低浓度Mn2+可促进产酶,碳源、氮源限制是产酶的重要条件;降解反应进行10min后,H2O2消耗至阈值0.045mmol/L,LiP对TC的降解停止,其降解率达到82%;TC降解反应趋于平衡时,补加TC和H2O2后,LiP依然可以高效发挥作用,其二次降解率达到65%;LiP作用于不同初始浓度(10mg/L、25mg/L、50mg/L、100mg/L)TC,显示LiP对不同浓度TC均可有效降解,TC降解率分别为62%、80%、82%和90%;降解产物的抑菌性试验反映出降解产物较TC母体的抑菌性明显降低;LC/MS捕获到6种可能的降解产物E-TC、TP 461、E-TP 461、TP 477、TP 475和TP 445,并推测出LiP降解TC可能的降解途径。     

杂合抗菌肽LPCB在毕赤酵母中的表达条件优化

为获取能表达具有天然活性的杂合抗菌肽的重组酵母菌,确定其最佳表达条件,将构建好的重组酵母表达载体pPICZα-A-CecropinB(1～10)-Magainin2(1～12)(简称pPICZα-A-CBMA)和pPICZα-A-Lfcin-Pro-CecropinB(简称pPICZα-A-LPCB)经SacⅠ线性化处理,分别电转入巴斯德毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris X-33,利用抗生素Zeocin筛选阳性克隆,PCR扩增验证,甲醇诱导表达.采用抑菌圈法初步测定产物活性,优化杂合肽LPCB诱导时间、诱导剂浓度、诱导温度、培养基pH等表达条件,传代检测其质粒稳定性.结果显示,基因工程菌P.pastoris X-33/pPICZα-A-CBMA和P.pastoris X-33/pPICZα-A-LPCB成功构建.表达产物前者抑菌活性微弱,后者抑菌活性良好.杂合肽LPCB的最佳表达条件为:25℃,pH中性培养,每24 h添加0.5%(V/V,φ)甲醇,诱导表达72 h.重组酵母菌pPICZα-A-LPCB在培养超过100代后,未发生质粒丢失.     

共价接枝聚季铵盐型杀生剂的制备及工艺优化

研制了一种表面接枝的聚季铵盐型高分子杀生剂,并考察了其对水溶液中的各种菌体的杀生效果,通过对活化剂和硅胶载体的优化,确定了最佳制备方案。结果表明,可以使用价格低廉的-γ氯丙基三甲氧基硅烷代替4-溴丁酰氯作为活化剂,载体硅胶的选择范围广泛,可以采用比表面积大、价格低廉的硅胶作为载体。扫描电镜和红外光谱检测表明杀生功能基团已共价接枝到载体硅胶上。杀生性能检测表明该杀生剂可以在低浓度、短时间内降低水溶液中的大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌以及真菌的活菌量。显微镜观察发现,杀生剂的灭藻过程是杀生剂表面吸附(藻体)、接触、灭藻。结果表明,新型固定化高分子杀生剂具有较强的抗细菌和抗真菌的能力,对藻类也具有杀灭作用,是一种高效、广普、性质稳定的水处理杀生剂。     

活性污泥中细菌的分离及其生理生化特性研究

从乳品废水活性污泥中分离纯化细菌,并进行生理生化特性、药敏试验研究。结果表明,H-1菌株分解葡萄糖产酸,利用乳糖、蔗糖、甘露醇等碳源;H-1菌株对头孢菌素类、氨基苷类、大环内酯类药物敏感;而对青霉素类、磺胺类等具有不同程度的耐药性。该研究对改善乳品废水活性污泥微生态、环境污染治理等具有科学指导意义。     

微生物源槐糖脂对水果致腐真菌的抑制作用

致腐真菌是诱发水果采后病害,造成水果在运输、货架期间和贮藏过程腐败变质的主要原因.从腐烂水果上分离得到17株菌,其中9株为致腐真菌,研究了由拟威克酵母发酵产生的槐糖脂对该9株菌的作用,包括抑菌圈直径、抑菌率和对菌丝蔓延的影响.发现槐糖脂对9株致腐真菌有很好的抑制作用,浓度达到2.0 g L-1时,致腐菌(孢子)抑制率达...     

昆虫抗菌肽及其基因工程研究进展

昆虫抗菌肽是一类具有免疫效应的小分子多肽,它具有热稳定、抗菌谱广、无免疫原性、作用机制独特等特性,是昆虫能够抵御自然界中许多有害微生物侵染的重要因素.近年来,随着有关抗菌肽作用机理及功能研究的深入,其在医药领域的应用越来越引起人们的关注.本文就昆虫抗菌肽的分类、生物功能、基因工程研究进展等作一综述.参33     

Trypsin inhibitor,antioxidant and antimicrobial activities as well as chemical composition of potato sprouts originating from yellow- and colored-fleshed varieties

Abstract

Potato sprouts could be a valuable resource of phytochemicals such as secondary plant metabolites, potential antioxidants and nutritive compounds. In this work, potato sprout extracts of five varieties were examined; they differed in major glycoalkaloid content, trypsin inhibitor activity, total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity, as well as in antimicrobial activity against Gram?+?and G???bacteria, and yeast. Sprouts of colored-fleshed tubers were characterized by higher trypsin inhibitor activity than sprouts of yellow potatoes. The strongest microorganism growth inhibition effect was observed for macerate with sprouts from the purple-fleshed Blaue Annelise variety against B. subtilis, whereas C. albicans yeasts were sensitive to macerates with sprouts from purple-fleshed Blue Congo and yellow-fleshed Vineta potato varieties.